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[[Max Weber]], ''[[Basic Concepts in Sociology (book)|Basic Concepts in Sociology]]''

Much of the recent [[Sociology|sociological]] debate on '''power''' revolves around the issue of the constraining and/or enabling nature of power. Thus, power can be seen as various forms of constraint on human [[action]], but also as that which makes action possible, although in a limited scope. Much of this debate is related to the works of the [[France|French]] philosopher [[Michel Foucault]] ([[1926]]-[[1984]]), who, following the [[Italy|Italian]] political philosopher [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] ([[1469]]-[[1527]]), sees power as "a complex strategic situation in a given society [social setting]". Being deeply structural, his concept involves both constraint and enablement. For a purely enabling (and voluntaristic) concept of power see the works of [[Anthony Giddens]].

Much of the recent [[Sociology|sociological]] debate on '''power''' revolves around the issue of the constraining and/or enabling nature of power. Thus, power can be seen as various forms of constraint on human [[action]], but also as that which makes action possible, although in a limited scope. Much of this debate is related to the works of the [[France|French]] philosopher [[Michel Foucault]] ([[1926]]-[[1984]]), who, following the [[Italy|Italian]] political philosopher [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] ([[1469]]-[[1527]]), sees power as "a complex strategic situation in a given society [social setting]". Being deeply structural, his concept involves both constraint and enablement. For a purely enabling (and voluntaristic) concept of power see the works of [[Anthony Giddens]].

===Power by order===

===Power by order===

In ordered groups such as school classrooms and military groups the leader's power over an individual is amplified by the virtual power gained from having the other group members already obeying the leader's order.  For example, if a school student gets out of her seat, she can be identified easily if all the other students are already sitting in their seats.  Each disobedient student is thus easily identified and can expect to be confronted by the teacher.<ref>Tarnow, Eugen (2000). A quantitative model of the amplification of power through order and the concept of group defense.  http://cogprints.org/4275/

In ordered groups such as school classrooms and military groups the leader's power over an individual is amplified by the virtual power gained from having the other group members already obeying the leader's order.  For example, if a school student gets out of her seat, she can be identified easily if all the other students are already sitting in their seats.  Each disobedient student is thus easily identified and can expect to be confronted by the teacher.<ref>Tarnow, Eugen (2000). A quantitative model of the amplification of power through order and the concept of group defense.  https://cogprints.org/4275/

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[[Feminism|Feminist]] analysis of the [[patriarchy]] often concentrates on issues of power, as in the frequent feminist argument: ''Rape is about power, not sex''.

[[Feminism|Feminist]] analysis of the [[patriarchy]] often concentrates on issues of power, as in the frequent feminist argument: ''Rape is about power, not sex''.

Some feminists distinguish "power-over" (influence on other people) from "power-to" (ability to perform).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Feminism is not about being "better than."  It is about understanding how power relations work to construct societal norms related to gender, race, sexuality, class, and other forms of social division.

Some feminists distinguish "power-over" (influence on other people) from "power-to" (ability to perform). Feminism is not about being "better than."  It is about understanding how power relations work to construct societal norms related to gender, race, sexuality, class, and other forms of social division.

===Foucault===

===Foucault===

;Reward Power: Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility.  This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused.  People who abuses reward power can become pushy or became reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'.   

;Reward Power: Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility.  This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused.  People who abuses reward power can become pushy or became reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'.   

;Coercive Power: Coercive Power means the application of negative influences onto employees. It might refer to the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards. It's the desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that ensures the obedience of those under power.  Coercive Power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and resistance within the targets of Coercive Power. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28sociology%29]

;Coercive Power: Coercive Power means the application of negative influences onto employees. It might refer to the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards. It's the desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that ensures the obedience of those under power.  Coercive Power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and resistance within the targets of Coercive Power. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28sociology%29]

==Sources==

==Sources==

==External links==

==External links==

*Simmel, Georg [http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Simmel/Simmel_1896a.html Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology]

*Simmel, Georg [https://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Simmel/Simmel_1896a.html Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology]

*Simmel, Georg [http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Simmel/Simmel_1896b.html Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology II]

*Simmel, Georg [https://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Simmel/Simmel_1896b.html Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology II]

*[http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/whatispower.php What is power?]

*[https://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/whatispower.php What is power?]

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*3. By the law of God, by the righteousness and justice of the eternal Paradise Trinity.

*3. By the law of God, by the righteousness and justice of the eternal Paradise Trinity.

God is unlimited in power, divine in nature, final in will, infinite in attributes, eternal in wisdom, and absolute in reality. But all these characteristics of the Universal Father are unified in Deity and universally expressed in the Paradise Trinity and in the divine Sons of the Trinity. Otherwise, outside of Paradise and the central universe of Havona, everything pertaining to God is limited by the evolutionary presence of the Supreme, conditioned by the eventuating presence of the Ultimate, and co-ordinated by the three existential Absolutes--Deity, Universal, and Unqualified. And God's presence is thus limited because such is the will of God. [http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper3.html#2.%20GOD'S%20INFINITE%20POWER]

God is unlimited in power, divine in nature, final in will, infinite in attributes, eternal in wisdom, and absolute in reality. But all these characteristics of the Universal Father are unified in Deity and universally expressed in the Paradise Trinity and in the divine Sons of the Trinity. Otherwise, outside of Paradise and the central universe of Havona, everything pertaining to God is limited by the evolutionary presence of the Supreme, conditioned by the eventuating presence of the Ultimate, and co-ordinated by the three existential Absolutes--Deity, Universal, and Unqualified. And God's presence is thus limited because such is the will of God. [https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper3.html#2.%20GOD'S%20INFINITE%20POWER]

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