Difference between revisions of "Presumption"
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==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] presumpcioun, from Anglo-French presumption, from Late Latin & [[Latin]]; Late Latin praesumption-, praesumptio presumptuous [[attitude]], from Latin, assumption, from praesumere | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] presumpcioun, from Anglo-French presumption, from Late Latin & [[Latin]]; Late Latin praesumption-, praesumptio presumptuous [[attitude]], from Latin, assumption, from praesumere | ||
| − | *[ | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century 13th Century] |
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
*1 : presumptuous [[attitude]] or [[conduct]] : audacity | *1 : presumptuous [[attitude]] or [[conduct]] : audacity | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
*3: a [[legal]] [[inference]] as to the [[existence]] or [[truth]] of a [[fact]] not certainly known that is drawn from the known or proved [[existence]] of some other [[fact]] | *3: a [[legal]] [[inference]] as to the [[existence]] or [[truth]] of a [[fact]] not certainly known that is drawn from the known or proved [[existence]] of some other [[fact]] | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | In the [[law]] of [[evidence]], a '''presumption''' of a particular [[fact]] can be made without the aid of [[proof]] in some situations. The types of presumption includes a rebuttable discretionary presumption, a rebuttable mandatory presumption, and an irrebutable or conclusive presumption. The [[invocation]] of a presumption shifts the [ | + | In the [[law]] of [[evidence]], a '''presumption''' of a particular [[fact]] can be made without the aid of [[proof]] in some situations. The types of presumption includes a rebuttable discretionary presumption, a rebuttable mandatory presumption, and an irrebutable or conclusive presumption. The [[invocation]] of a presumption shifts the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof burden of proof] from one party to the [[opposing]] party in a [[court]] [[trial]]. Presumptions are sometimes categorized into two [[types]]: presumptions without basic [[facts]], and presumptions with basic facts. In the United States, [[mandatory]] presumptions are impermissible in [[criminal]] cases, but permissible presumptions are allowed. |
| − | The [[ancient]] [[Jewish]] [[law]] code, the [ | + | The [[ancient]] [[Jewish]] [[law]] code, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud Talmud], included [[reasoning]] from presumptions (''hazakah''), propositions taken to be [[true]] unless there was [[reason]] to [[believe]] otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a [[debt]] before term." The same [[concept]] was found in [[ancient]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law Roman law], where, for example, if there was [[doubt]] as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had left [[money]] in a will, the presumption was in [[favor]] of the [[child]]. Medieval Roman and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law canon law] graded presumptions according to [[strength]]: light, medium or probable, and [[violent]]. These gradings and many [[individual]] presumptions were taken over into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law English law] in the seventeenth century by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke Edward Coke]. |
| − | * types: [ | + | * types: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebuttable_presumption Rebuttable presumption], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conclusive_presumption Conclusive presumption] |
| − | * examples of presumption without basic facts: [ | + | * examples of presumption without basic facts: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence Presumption of innocence] |
| − | * example of presumption with basic facts: [ | + | * example of presumption with basic facts: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_absentia Death in absentia], e.g. [[law]] says if a [[person]] has been missing for 7 years or more (basic [[fact]]), that person shall be presumed to be dead. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
# J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 6. | # J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 6. | ||
[[Category: Law]] | [[Category: Law]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:32, 13 December 2020
Origin
Middle English presumpcioun, from Anglo-French presumption, from Late Latin & Latin; Late Latin praesumption-, praesumptio presumptuous attitude, from Latin, assumption, from praesumere
Definitions
- 1 : presumptuous attitude or conduct : audacity
- 2a : an attitude or belief dictated by probability : assumption
- b : the ground, reason, or evidence lending probability to a belief
- 3: a legal inference as to the existence or truth of a fact not certainly known that is drawn from the known or proved existence of some other fact
Description
In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations. The types of presumption includes a rebuttable discretionary presumption, a rebuttable mandatory presumption, and an irrebutable or conclusive presumption. The invocation of a presumption shifts the burden of proof from one party to the opposing party in a court trial. Presumptions are sometimes categorized into two types: presumptions without basic facts, and presumptions with basic facts. In the United States, mandatory presumptions are impermissible in criminal cases, but permissible presumptions are allowed.
The ancient Jewish law code, the Talmud, included reasoning from presumptions (hazakah), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term." The same concept was found in ancient Roman law, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had left money in a will, the presumption was in favor of the child. Medieval Roman and canon law graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent. These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into English law in the seventeenth century by Edward Coke.
- types: Rebuttable presumption, Conclusive presumption
- examples of presumption without basic facts: Presumption of innocence
- example of presumption with basic facts: Death in absentia, e.g. law says if a person has been missing for 7 years or more (basic fact), that person shall be presumed to be dead.
References
- J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 6.
