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'''Reflection''' is the change in direction of [[energy]] from one point to another so that its motion is turned back toward the point of its origination. Common examples include the reflection of [[light]], [[sound]] and water waves. The ''law of reflection'' says that for smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

'''Reflection''' is the change in direction of [[energy]] from one point to another so that its motion is turned back toward the point of its origination. Common examples include the reflection of [[light]], [[sound]] and water waves. The ''law of reflection'' says that for smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

== Physical Reflection==

== Physical Reflection==

Reflections may occur in a number of wave and particle phenomena; these include [[acoustics|acoustic]] (as in common echos and underwater [[sonar]]), seismic waves in geologic structures, surface waves in bodies of water, and various electromagnetic waves, most usefully from [[Very high frequency|VHF]] and higher radar frequencies, progressing upward through centimeter to millimeter-wavelength [[radar]] and the various [[light]] frequencies and (with special "grazing" mirrors, to [[X-ray]] frequencies and beyond to [[gamma ray]]s.

Reflections may occur in a number of wave and particle phenomena; these include [[acoustics|acoustic]] (as in common echos and underwater [[sonar]]), seismic waves in geologic structures, surface waves in bodies of water, and various electromagnetic waves, most usefully from [[Very high frequency|VHF]] and higher radar frequencies, progressing upward through centimeter to millimeter-wavelength [[radar]] and the various [[light]] frequencies and (with special "grazing" mirrors, to [[X-ray]] frequencies and beyond to [[gamma ray]]s.

 

===Reflection of light===

===Reflection of light===

Reflection of light may be ''specular'' (that is, mirror-like) or ''diffuse'' (that is, not retaining the image, only the [[energy]]) depending on the nature of the interface. Furthermore, if the interface is between dielectric-conductor or dielectric-dielectric media, the phase of the reflected wave may or may not be inverted, respectively.

Reflection of light may be ''specular'' (that is, mirror-like) or ''diffuse'' (that is, not retaining the image, only the [[energy]]) depending on the nature of the interface. Furthermore, if the interface is between dielectric-conductor or dielectric-dielectric media, the phase of the reflected wave may or may not be inverted, respectively.

Light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical process. In this type of reflection, not only the direction of the light is reversed, but the actual wavefronts are reversed as well. A conjugate reflector can be used to remove aberrations from a beam by reflecting it and then passing the reflection through the aberrating optics a second time.

Light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical process. In this type of reflection, not only the direction of the light is reversed, but the actual wavefronts are reversed as well. A conjugate reflector can be used to remove aberrations from a beam by reflecting it and then passing the reflection through the aberrating optics a second time.

====Neutron reflection====

====Neutron reflection====

Materials that reflect [[neutron]]s, for example beryllium, are used in nuclear reactors. In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off atoms within a material is commonly used to determine its internal structures. [http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/largescale/Crisp/documents/neut_refl_HD.htm]

Materials that reflect [[neutron]]s, for example beryllium, are used in nuclear reactors. In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off atoms within a material is commonly used to determine its internal structures. [https://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/largescale/Crisp/documents/neut_refl_HD.htm]

====Sound reflection====

====Sound reflection====

When a longitudinal [[sound wave]] strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound. Note that audible sound has a very wide frequency range (from 20 to about 17000 Hz), and thus a very wide range of wavelengths (from about 20 mm to 17 m). As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface. For example, porous materials will absorb some energy, and rough materials (where rough is relative to the wavelength) tend to reflect in many directions — to scatter the energy, rather than to reflect it coherently. This leads into the field of [[architectural acoustics]], because the nature of these reflections is critical to the auditory feel of a space.  

When a longitudinal [[sound wave]] strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound. Note that audible sound has a very wide frequency range (from 20 to about 17000 Hz), and thus a very wide range of wavelengths (from about 20 mm to 17 m). As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface. For example, porous materials will absorb some energy, and rough materials (where rough is relative to the wavelength) tend to reflect in many directions — to scatter the energy, rather than to reflect it coherently. This leads into the field of [[architectural acoustics]], because the nature of these reflections is critical to the auditory feel of a space.  

Light waves incident on a material induce small oscillations of polarisation in the individual atoms, causing each atom to radiate a weak secondary wave (in all directions like a dipole antenna). All of these waves add up to specular reflection and refraction.

Light waves incident on a material induce small oscillations of polarisation in the individual atoms, causing each atom to radiate a weak secondary wave (in all directions like a dipole antenna). All of these waves add up to specular reflection and refraction.

Light–matter interaction in terms of photons is a topic of [[quantum electrodynamics]], and is described in detail by [[Richard Feynman]] in his popular book ''QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter''.

Light–matter interaction in terms of photons is a topic of [[quantum electrodynamics]], and is described in detail by [[Richard Feynman]] in his popular book ''QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter''.

==Mindal Reflection==

==Mindal Reflection==

===Introspection===

===Introspection===

is the self-observation and reporting of [[conscious]] inner [[thought]]s, [[Motivation| desires]] and [[sensation]]s. It is a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, [[reasoning]], and examining one's own thoughts, [[feeling]]s, and, in more spiritual cases, one's [[soul]]. It can also be called ''[[contemplation]]'' of one's [[self (psychology)|self]], and is contrasted with [[extrospection]], the observation of things external to one's self. Introspection may be used synonymously with [[Human self-reflection|self-reflection]] and used in a similar way.

is the self-observation and reporting of [[conscious]] inner [[thought]]s, [[Motivation| desires]] and [[sensation]]s. It is a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, [[reasoning]], and examining one's own thoughts, [[feeling]]s, and, in more spiritual cases, one's [[soul]]. It can also be called ''[[contemplation]]'' of one's [[self (psychology)|self]], and is contrasted with [[extrospection]], the observation of things external to one's self. Introspection may be used synonymously with [[Human self-reflection|self-reflection]] and used in a similar way.

[[Behaviorist]]s claimed that introspection was unreliable and that the subject matter of scientific psychology should be strictly operationalized in an objective and measurable way. This then led psychology to focus on measurable behavior rather than consciousness or sensation.<ref>Frank C. Keil, Robert Andrew Wilson (eds) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences p.xx</ref> [[Cognitive psychology]] accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation for this reason. [[Herbert Simon]] and [[Allen Newell]] identified the '[[Talk aloud protocol|thinking-aloud]]' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection.

[[Behaviorist]]s claimed that introspection was unreliable and that the subject matter of scientific psychology should be strictly operationalized in an objective and measurable way. This then led psychology to focus on measurable behavior rather than consciousness or sensation. [[Cognitive psychology]] accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation for this reason. [[Herbert Simon]] and [[Allen Newell]] identified the '[[Talk aloud protocol|thinking-aloud]]' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection.

On the other hand, introspection can be considered a valid tool for the development of scientific hypotheses and theoretical models, in particular in cognitive sciences and engineering. In practice, functional ([[goal-oriented]]) computational modeling and computer simulation design of [[meta-reasoning]] and [[metacognition]] are closely connected with the introspective experiences of researchers and engineers.

On the other hand, introspection can be considered a valid tool for the development of scientific hypotheses and theoretical models, in particular in cognitive sciences and engineering. In practice, functional ([[goal-oriented]]) computational modeling and computer simulation design of [[meta-reasoning]] and [[metacognition]] are closely connected with the introspective experiences of researchers and engineers.

Introspection was used by German physiologist [[Wilhelm Wundt]] in the [[experimental psychology]] laboratory he had founded in Leipzig in 1879.  Wundt believed that by using introspection in his experiments he would gather information into how the subjects' minds were working, thus he wanted to examine the mind into its basic elements.  Wundt did not invent this way of looking into an individual's mind through their [[experience]]s; rather, it can date to [[Socrates]]. Wundt's distinctive contribution was to take this method into the experimental arena and thus into the newly formed field of psychology.

Introspection was used by German physiologist [[Wilhelm Wundt]] in the [[experimental psychology]] laboratory he had founded in Leipzig in 1879.  Wundt believed that by using introspection in his experiments he would gather information into how the subjects' minds were working, thus he wanted to examine the mind into its basic elements.  Wundt did not invent this way of looking into an individual's mind through their [[experience]]s; rather, it can date to [[Socrates]]. Wundt's distinctive contribution was to take this method into the experimental arena and thus into the newly formed field of psychology.

===Phenomenology===

===Phenomenology===

In psychology, '''phenomenology''' is used to refer to [[subjective]] [[experience]]s or their study. The experiencing [[subject]] can be considered to be the [[person]] or [[self]], for purposes of convenience. However, it is important to note that in phenomenological [[philosophy]] (and particularly in the work of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty) 'experience' is a considerably more complex concept than it is usually taken to be in everday use. Instead, experience (or Being, or existence itself) is an 'in-relation-to' phenomena, and it is defined by qualities of directedness, embodiment and worldliness which are evoked by the term 'Being-in-the-World'.

In psychology, '''phenomenology''' is used to refer to [[subjective]] [[experience]]s or their study. The experiencing [[subject]] can be considered to be the [[person]] or [[self]], for purposes of convenience. However, it is important to note that in phenomenological [[philosophy]] (and particularly in the work of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty) 'experience' is a considerably more complex concept than it is usually taken to be in everday use. Instead, experience (or Being, or existence itself) is an 'in-relation-to' phenomena, and it is defined by qualities of directedness, embodiment and worldliness which are evoked by the term 'Being-in-the-World'.

==== Phenomenological psychology ====

==== Phenomenological psychology ====

The concepts of phenomenological philosophy have influenced at least two main fields of contemporary psychology: the qualitative psychology of Giorgi, Smith [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretative_Phenomenological_Analysis], Kvale, and others; and the experimental approaches associated with Varela, Gallagher, Thompson, and others [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition].

The concepts of phenomenological philosophy have influenced at least two main fields of contemporary psychology: the qualitative psychology of Giorgi, Smith [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretative_Phenomenological_Analysis], Kvale, and others; and the experimental approaches associated with Varela, Gallagher, Thompson, and others [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition].

=== Difficulties in considering subjective phenomena ===

=== Difficulties in considering subjective phenomena ===

===Psychotherapy and the phenomenology of emotion===

===Psychotherapy and the phenomenology of emotion===

[[Carl Rogers]]' person-centered psychotherapy theory is based directly on the "phenomenal field" personality theory of Combs and Snygg (1949). That theory in turn was grounded in phenomenological thinking. [http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/snygg&combs.html]. Rogers attempts to put a therapist in closer contact with a person by listening to the person's report of their recent subjective experiences, especially emotions of which the person is not fully aware. For example, in relationships the problem at hand is often not based around what actually happened, but instead is based around the perceptions and feelings of each individual in the relationship. The phenomenal field focuses on "how one feels right now".

[[Carl Rogers]]' person-centered psychotherapy theory is based directly on the "phenomenal field" personality theory of Combs and Snygg (1949). That theory in turn was grounded in phenomenological thinking. [https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/snygg&combs.html]. Rogers attempts to put a therapist in closer contact with a person by listening to the person's report of their recent subjective experiences, especially emotions of which the person is not fully aware. For example, in relationships the problem at hand is often not based around what actually happened, but instead is based around the perceptions and feelings of each individual in the relationship. The phenomenal field focuses on "how one feels right now".

===In Literature===

===In Literature===

Introspections (also referred to as internal [[dialogue]], interior monologue, self-talk) is the fiction-writing mode used to convey a character's thoughts.  As explained by Renni Browne and Dave King, "One of the great gifts of literature is that it allows for the expression of unexpressed thoughts…".  A  character's thoughts can greatly enhance a story: deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story.  Thought plays a critical role in both scene and sequel.  Among authors and writing coaches, there appears to be little consensus regarding the importance of introspection [http://www.helium.com/tm/624520/introspection-thinking-fiction-writing Fiction writing: The importance of your characters thoughts - Thoughts on Writing - Helium - by Mike Klaassen] and how it is best presented.[http://www.helium.com/tm/614947/mechanics-introspection-fiction-writing Fiction writing: How to write your characters thoughts - Writing Tips - Helium - by Mike Klaassen]

Introspections (also referred to as internal [[dialogue]], interior monologue, self-talk) is the fiction-writing mode used to convey a character's thoughts.  As explained by Renni Browne and Dave King, "One of the great gifts of literature is that it allows for the expression of unexpressed thoughts…".  A  character's thoughts can greatly enhance a story: deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story.  Thought plays a critical role in both scene and sequel.  Among authors and writing coaches, there appears to be little consensus regarding the importance of introspection [https://www.helium.com/tm/624520/introspection-thinking-fiction-writing Fiction writing: The importance of your characters thoughts - Thoughts on Writing - Helium - by Mike Klaassen] and how it is best presented.[https://www.helium.com/tm/614947/mechanics-introspection-fiction-writing Fiction writing: How to write your characters thoughts - Writing Tips - Helium - by Mike Klaassen]

[[Universal]] [[beauty]] is the recognition of the '''reflection''' of the Isle of Paradise in the [[material]] [[creation]][https://www.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper56.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper56.html&line=173#mfs]

==References==

==References==

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/reflect.htm Acoustic reflection]

* [https://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/reflect.htm Acoustic reflection]

* [http://www.jobinyvon.com/SiteResources/Data/Templates/1divisional.asp?DocID=616&v1ID=&lang= Diffraction Grating Equations]

* [https://www.jobinyvon.com/SiteResources/Data/Templates/1divisional.asp?DocID=616&v1ID=&lang= Diffraction Grating Equations]

* [http://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/oos/ How to build a diffraction spectrometer]

* [https://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/oos/ How to build a diffraction spectrometer]

[[Category: Physics]]

[[Category: Physics]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]