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| − | '''Rock music''' is a form of [[popular music]] with a prominent vocal melody accompanied by [[guitar]], [[drums]], and [[Bass guitar|bass]]. Many styles of rock music also use keyboard instruments such as [[organ (music)|organ]], [[piano]], [[mellotron]], and [[synthesizers]]. Other instruments sometimes utilized in rock include [[harmonica]], [[violin]], [[flute]], [[banjo]], [[melodica]], and [[timpani]]. Also, less common stringed instruments such as [[mandolin]] and [[sitar]] are used. Rock music usually has a strong [[back beat]], and often revolves around the guitar, either solid electric, hollow electric, or acoustic. | + | '''Rock music''' is a [[genre]] of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the [[United States]] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950s 1950s], and developed into a range of different styles in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s 1960s] and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues rhythm and blues] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music country music]. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues blues] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music folk], and incorporated influences from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz jazz], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music classical] and other musical sources. |
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| − | Rock music has its roots in 1940s and 1950s [[rock and roll]] and [[rockabilly]], which evolved from [[blues]], [[country music]] and other influences. According to the [[All Music Guide]], "In its purest form, Rock & Roll has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody. Early rock & roll drew from a variety of sources, primarily blues, R&B, and country, but also gospel, traditional pop, jazz, and folk. All of these influences combined in a simple, blues-based song structure that was fast, danceable, and catchy." [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:32 allmusic - Rock and Roll]
| + | Musically, rock has centered on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar electric guitar], usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature 4/4 time signature] using a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse-chorus_form verse-chorus form], but the genre has become extremely [[diverse]]. Like pop music, lyrics often stress [[romantic]] [[love]] but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or [[political]] in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an [[ideology]] of authenticity than pop music. |
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| − | In the late 1960s, rock music was blended with folk music to create [[folk rock]], blues to create [[blues-rock]] and with jazz, to create [[jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusion]], and without a time signature to create [[psychedelic rock]]. In the 1970s, rock incorporated influences from [[soul]], [[funk]], and [[latin]] music. Also in the 1970s, rock developed a number of subgenres, such as [[soft rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[hard rock]], [[progressive rock]], and [[punk rock]]. Rock subgenres that emerged in the 1980s included [[synth-rock]], [[hardcore punk]] and [[alternative rock]]. In the 1990s, rock subgenres included [[Grunge music|grunge]], [[Britpop]], [[indie rock]], and [[nu metal]].
| + | By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age" or "classic rock" period, a number of distinct rock music sub-genres had emerged, including hybrids like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_rock blues rock], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock folk rock], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock country rock], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion jazz-rock fusion], many of which contributed to the development of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock psychedelic rock], which was influenced by the countercultural [[psychedelic]] scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock progressive rock], which extended the artistic elements; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock glam rock], which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring major sub-genre of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music heavy metal], which emphasized volume, [[power]], and [[speed]]. In the second half of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s 1970s], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock punk rock] both intensified and [[reacted]] against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt [[political]] and social critiques. Punk was an [[influence]] into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s 1980s] on the subsequent development of other sub-genres, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music new wave], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk post-punk] and eventually the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock alternative rock] movement. From the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s 1990s] alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the [[mainstream]] in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge grunge], Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion sub-genres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_metal rap metal], as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium. |
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| − | A group of [[musician]]s specializing in rock music is called a '''rock band''' or '''rock group'''. Many rock groups consist of a [[guitarist]], [[Singer|lead singer]], [[bass guitarist]], and [[drummer]], forming a [[quartet]]. Some groups omit one or more of these roles and/or utilize a lead singer who plays an instrument while singing, forming a [[trio]] or [[duo]]; others include additional musicians such as one or two [[rhythm guitar]]ists and/or a [[keyboardist]]. More rarely, groups also utilize stringed instruments such as [[violin]]s or [[cello]]s, and/or horns like [[trumpet]]s or [[trombone]]s.
| + | Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and [[social movements]], leading to major sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie [[counterculture]] that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture goth] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo emo] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest]] song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social [[attitudes]] to [[race]], [[sex]] and drug use, and is often seen as an [[expression]] of [[youth]] revolt against adult consumerism and [[conformity]]. |
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| − | == The mid-1950s-early 1960s ==
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| − | === Early British rock ===
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| − | In the United Kingdom the [[trade jazz]] movement brought visiting [[blues music]] artists to Britain, While BAC was developing the Concorde, [[Lonnie Donegan]]'s 1955 hit "[[Rock Island Line (song)|Rock Island Line]]" was a major influence, and helped to develop the trend of [[skiffle music]] groups throughout the country, including [[John Lennon]]'s [[the Quarry Men]], the 1957 precursor to [[The Beatles]]. Britain developed a major rock and roll scene, without the race barriers which kept "race records" or [[rhythm and blues]] separate in the U.S.
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| − | [[Cliff Richard]] had the first British rock 'n' roll hit with "[[Move It]]", effectively ushering in the sound of [[British rock]]. At the start of the 1960s, his backing group [[The Shadows]] was one of a number of groups having success with [[surf music]] instrumentals. And while rock 'n' roll was fading into lightweight pop and schmaltzy ballads, at clubs and local dances British [[rock group]]s, heavily influenced by [[blues-rock]] pioneers like [[Alexis Korner]], were starting to play with an intensity and drive seldom found in white American acts.
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| − | By the end of 1962, the [[British rock]] scene had started, with groups drawing on a wide range of American influences including [[soul music]], rhythm and blues and surf music. Initially, they reinterpreted standard American tunes, playing for dancers doing the [[Twist (dance)|twist]], for example. These groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with increasingly complex musical ideas.
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| − | [[The Beatles]] brought together an appealing mix of image, songwriting and personality, and achieved an unprecedented level of worldwide popularity. In mid-1962 [[The Rolling Stones]] started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with [[The Animals]] and [[The Yardbirds]]. In late 1964, [[The Kinks]], [[The Who]] and [[The Pretty Things]] represented the new [[Mod (lifestyle)|Mod]] style. Towards the end of the decade, British rock groups began to explore psychedelic musical styles that made reference to the drug subculture and hallucinogenic experiences.
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| − | After their initial success in the UK, the Beatles launched a large-scale US tour to a frenzy of fan interest known as [[Beatlemania]], which spread worldwide with the Beatles' first visit to the US in 1964 including their debut on the ''[[Ed Sullivan Show]]'' on 9 February 1964. In the wake of Beatlemania, other British bands headed to the US, notably the Rolling Stones, the Animals, and the Yardbirds.
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| − | === 1960s garage rock ===
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| − | The [[British Invasion]] spawned a wave of imitators that played mainly to local audiences and made inexpensive recordings, a movement later called [[garage rock]]. Some music from this trend is included in the compilation album ''[[Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965-1968|Nuggets]]''. Some of the better known bands of this genre include [[The Sonics]], [[Question Mark & the Mysterians]], and [[The Standells]].
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| − | === 1960s Surf music ===
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| − | The [[rockabilly]] sound influenced a wild, mostly instrumental sound called [[surf music]], though ''[[surf culture]]'' saw itself as a competing [[youth culture]] to rock and roll. This style, exemplified by [[Dick Dale]] and [[The Surfaris]], featured faster tempos, innovative percussion, and reverb- and echo-drenched [[electric guitar]] sounds. In the UK, British groups included [[The Shadows]]. Other West Coast bands, such as [[The Beach Boys]] and [[Jan and Dean]] slowed the tempos down and added lush harmony vocals to create what became known as the "California Sound".
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| − | == Rock as a counterculture movement (1963-1974) ==
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| − | In the late 1950s the US [[beatnik]] counterculture was associated with the wider anti-war movement building against the threat of the atomic bomb, notably [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament|CND]] in Britain. Both were associated with the [[jazz]] scene and with the growing [[folk song]] movement.
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| − | === Folk rock ===
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| − | The folk scene was made up of folk music lovers who liked acoustic instruments, traditional songs, and [[country blues|blues music]] with a socially progressive message. The folk genre was pioneered by [[Woody Guthrie]]. [[Bob Dylan]] came to the fore in this movement, and his hits with ''[[Blowin' in the Wind]]'' and ''[[Masters of War]]'' brought "[[protest song]]s" to a wider public.
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| − | [[The Byrds]], who playing Bob Dylan's ''[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]'', helped to start the trend of [[folk rock]], and helped to stimulate the development of [[psychedelic rock]]. Dylan continued, with his "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]" becoming a US hit single. [[Neil Young]]'s lyrical inventiveness and wailing electric guitar attack created a variation of folk rock. Other folk rock artists include [[Simon & Garfunkel]], [[Joan Baez]], [[The Mamas & the Papas]], [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Bobby Darin]] and [[The Band]].
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| − | In Britain, [[Fairport Convention]] began applying rock techniques to traditional British folk songs, followed by groups such as [[Steeleye Span]], [[Lindisfarne (band)|Lindisfarne]], [[Pentangle (band)|Pentangle]], and [[Trees (folk band)|Trees]]. [[Alan Stivell]] in Brittany had the same approach.
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| − | === Psychedelic rock ===
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| − | Psychedelia began in the folk scene, with the [[Holy Modal Rounders]] introducing the term in 1964. With a background including folk and jug band music, with bands like the Grateful Dead and Big Brother & the Holding Company being two famous bands of the genre.
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| − | [[The Fillmore]] was a regular venue for groups like another former jug band, [[Country Joe and the Fish]], and [[Jefferson Airplane]]. Elsewhere, [[The Byrds]] had a hit with ''[[Eight Miles High]]''. The [[13th Floor Elevators]] titled their album ''[[The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators]]''. The music increasingly became associated with opposition to the [[Vietnam War]].
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| − | In England, [[Pink Floyd]] had been developing psychedelic rock since 1965 in the [[underground culture]] scene. In 1966 the band [[Soft Machine]] was formed. [[Donovan]] had a folk music-influenced hit with ''[[Sunshine Superman]]'', one of the early psychedelic pop records. In August 1966 [[The Beatles]] released their ''[[Revolver (album)|Revolver]]'' album, which featured psychedelia in ''[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]'' and in ''[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]'', along with the memorable album cover. [[The Beach Boys]] responded in the U.S. with ''[[Pet Sounds]]''. From a [[blues rock]] background, the British supergroup [[Cream (band)|Cream]] debuted in December, and [[Jimi Hendrix]] became popular in Britain before returning to the US.
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| − | 1967 was the year when the psychedelic scene truly took off. Many pioneering records came out including the first album from [[The Doors]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]]'s highly successful [[Surrealistic Pillow]]. The Beatles' groundbreaking album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' was released in June, and by the end of the year [[Pink Floyd]]'s ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'', Cream's ''[[Disraeli Gears]]'' and even [[The Rolling Stones]]'s [[Their Satanic Majesties Request]]. As the [[Summer of Love]] reached its peak, the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] went underway headlining the top bands of the genre including [[Jefferson Airplane]] and also introducing [[Janis Joplin]] and [[Jimi Hendrix]] to the mainstream.
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| − | The culmination of rock and roll as a socially-unifying force was seen in the [[rock festival]]s of the late '60s, the most famous of which was [[Woodstock festival|Woodstock]] in 1969 which began as a three-day arts and music festival and turned into a "happening", as hundreds of thousands of youthful fans converged on the site.
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| − | Years later, especially with the rise of 1980s alternative music, psychedelic rock gained a slight reboost in popularity, such examples being [[Echo & The Bunnymen]].
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| − | === Progressive rock ===
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| − | [[Progressive rock]] bands went beyond the established rock music formulas by experimenting with different instruments, song types, and musical forms. [[The Who]] popularized the rock opera. Some bands such as [[Pink Floyd]], [[The Moody Blues]], [[Procol Harum]], and [[Deep Purple]] experimented with new instruments including wind sections, string sections, and full orchestras. Many of these bands moved well beyond the formulaic three-minute rock songs into longer, increasingly sophisticated songs and chord structures. With inspiration from these earlier artists, referred to as "proto-prog", it flowered into its own genre, initially based in the UK, after King Crimson's 1969 genre-defining debut album, ''[[In the Court of the Crimson King]]''. Progressive rock bands borrowed musical ideas from classical, jazz, electronic, and experimental music. Progressive rock songs ranged from lush, beautiful songs to atonal, dissonant, and complex songs. Few achieved major mainstream success, but large cults followed many of the groups. [[Pink Floyd]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Rush (band)|Rush]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], and a few less notable others were able to work in hit singles to their otherwise complex and untraditional albums to garner a larger audience.
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| − | By the late-1960s, German audiences began listening to progressive rock bands from Britain and the United States. During this period, avant-garde musicians in Germany were playing [[electronic music|electronic]] [[European classical music|classical music]]. These German avant-garde musicians adapted their electronic instruments for a style of music that blended progressive rock and psychedelic rock sounds. By the early 1970s, German progressive rock (later called ''krautrock'') bands were blending jazz ([[Can (band)|Can]]) and Asian music ([[Popol Vuh (German band)|Popol Vuh]]). The music by bands such as and influenced the development of [[techno music|techno]] and other related genres.
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| − | In [[Italy]] progressive rock was also popular in the 1970s. Some Italian progressive rock bands were [[Premiata Forneria Marconi]], [[Le Orme]], [[Banco del Mutuo Soccorso]] and [[Area International Popular Group]].
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| − | Although [[Pakistan]] has a long history of rock music producing legendary bands such as [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]] and [[Strings (band)|Strings]] it was only in the 90s that progressive rock made its mark on Pakistani rock scene. One of the bands is [[Mizraab]] from the city of [[Karachi]] who started of in 1996 with their first album ''An Abstract Point of View''. Then ''[[Panchi (Album)|Panchi]]'' in 1999. Failing to leave an impact with their first albums Mizraab launched their third album ''[[Mazi Haal Mustaqbil]]'' in 2004 which proved a great success. Pakistani progressive rock is slowly gaining popularity and more bands are making this kind of music.
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| − | There are a few rock bands in India, like Silk Route or Euphoria. The music is mainly targeted at young adults and is gaining more acceptance in recent years.
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| − | In Turkey progressive rock began to grow with [[Barış Manço]] in the mid-1970s. His symphonic-progressive rock album ''2023'', released in 1975, is one of the most important albums in Turkey. He made a contribution to the other genres of rock music with his other albums and became a famous rock star in Turkey.
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| − | === Soft rock ===
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| − | Rock music had a short-lived "bubble gum pop" era, of soft rock, including groups such as [[The Partridge Family]], [[The Cowsills]], [[The Osmonds]], and [[The Archies]]. Other bands or artists added more orchestration and created a popular genre known as soft rock. Performers included [[Barry Manilow]], [[Neil Diamond]], [[Olivia Newton-John]], [[Gerry Rafferty]] and [[Eric Carmen]], and groups such as [[Bread (band)|Bread]], [[The Carpenters]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[England Dan & John Ford Coley]], [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]] and [[Tina Turner]].
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| − | == The mid to late 70s ==
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| − | === Hard rock and heavy metal ===
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| − | A second wave of British and American rock bands became popular during the early 1970s, with groups that were less influenced by folk and blues music than their predecessors. Bands such as [[Grand Funk Railroad]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Queen(band)|Queen]], [[Alice Cooper]], [[Judas Priest]], [[Status Quo]], [[Aerosmith]],[[Black Sabbath]], and [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]] played highly amplified, guitar-driven [[hard rock]] that would come to be known as [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].
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| − | Hard Rock languished into obscurity in the late 1970s. A few bands including [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Queen(band)|Queen]], [[AC/DC]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Aerosmith]] and [[Rush (band)|Rush]] maintained large followings and there were occasional mainstream hits such as [[Blue Öyster Cult]]'s "[[(Don't Fear) the Reaper]]". Music critics overwhelmingly disliked the genre. This began to change in 1978 following the release of [[Van Halen]]'s self-titled [[Van Halen (album)|debut album]]. The album helped to usher in an era of more commercialized rock and roll, based out of [[Los Angeles, California]].
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| − | === Arena rock ===
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| − | [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Grand Funk Railroad]] and [[The Who]] began the practice of live performances for large audiences in stadiums and arenas. The growing popularity of metal and progressive rock led to more bands selling out large venues. Entertainment companies marketed a series of [[arena rock]] bands, such as: [[Journey (band)|Journey]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]], [[Styx (band)|Styx]], [[REO Speedwagon]], [[Heart (band)|Heart]], and [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]] in the late 70s.
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| − | Although [[The Beatles]] did not find this form of performance to their taste, other bands carried on, driving the development of technology for large scale concerts, notably [[The Who]], [[Pink Floyd]] and [[Queen(band)|Queen]].
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| − | === Punk rock ===
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| − | [[Punk rock]] started off as a reaction to the lush, producer-driven sounds of disco, and against the increasing commercialism of hard rock and arena rock. Early punk borrowed heavily from the garage band ethic: played by bands for which expert musicianship was not a requirement, punk was stripped-down, three-chord music that could be played easily. Many of these bands also intended to shock mainstream society. [[Ramones]] drummer [[Tommy Ramone]] stated, "In its initial form, a lot of [1960s] stuff was innovative and exciting. Unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere. By 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bad rock 'n' roll".<ref>Ramone, Tommy, "Fight Club", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', January 2007</ref>
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| − | While the Ramones were often regarded as the first punk band,<ref>http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/ramones/bio.jhtml#/music/artist/ramones/bio.jhtml</ref>,<ref name="HallofFame">http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=1775</ref> they had many contemporaries from the same era in the [[New York City|New York]] scene. Artists like [[Patti Smith]], [[The Heartbreakers]], and [[Television (band)|Television]] played the same fast paced, stripped-down, style of rock, and often played shows along with the Ramones at burgeoning club [[CBGB]]'s.
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| − | In 1976 the Ramones, along with British punk band the [[Sex Pistols]], went on a tour of the [[United Kingdom]]. The tour was widely credited for inspiring the first wave of English punk bands such as [[The Clash]], [[The Damned]], and [[The Buzzcocks]]. In England, the music became a more violent and political form of expression, represented with the Sex Pistols first two singles "[[Anarchy in the U.K.]]" and "[[God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)|God Save the Queen]]". Despite an airplay ban on the [[BBC]], the records rose to the top chart position in the UK. Other bands, like the Clash, were less nihilistic, more overtly political and idealistic.
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| − | As the Sex Pistols toured America, they spread their music to the West Coast. Before, punk was mostly an East Coast phenomenon in the US, with scenes in New York and [[Washington, D.C. hardcore|Washington D.C.]]. In the late 70s [[California punk]] bands such as the [[Dead Kennedys]], [[X (U.S. band)|X]] '''and''' [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]], gained greater exposure.
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| − | === New Wave ===
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| − | Punk rock attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as [[Talking Heads]], and [[Devo]] began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description [[New Wave (music)|New Wave]] began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands.
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| − | If punk rock was a social and musical phenomenon, it garnered little in the way of record sales (small specialty labels such as [[Stiff Records]] had released much of the punk music to date) or American radio airplay, as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as [[disco]] and [[album-oriented rock]]. Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible New Wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or New Wave. Many of these bands, such as [[The Cars]] and [[the Go-Go's]] were essentially pop bands dressed up in New Wave regalia; others, including [[the Police]] and [[the Pretenders]] managed to parlay the boost of the New Wave movement into long-lived and artistically lauded careers.
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| − | Between 1982 and 1985, influenced by [[Kraftwerk]] and [[Gary Numan]], New Wave went in the direction of such [[New Romantics]] as [[Duran Duran]], [[A Flock of Seagulls]], [[Psychedelic Furs]], [[Talk Talk]] and the [[Eurythmics]], sometimes using the synthesizer to replace all other instruments. This period coincided with the rise of [[MTV]] and led to a great deal of exposure for this brand of [[synth-pop]]. Some rock bands reinvented themselves and profited too from MTV's [[airplay]], for instance [[Golden Earring]], who had a second round of success with "[[Twilight Zone (Golden Earring song)|Twilight Zone]]", but in general the times of guitar-oriented rock were over. Although many "Greatest of New Wave" collections feature popular songs from this era, New Wave more properly refers to the earlier "skinny tie" rock bands such as [[the Knack]] or [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]].
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| − | === Post-punk ===
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| − | Alongside New Wave, [[post-punk]] developed as an outgrowth of punk rock. Sometimes thought of as interchangeable with New Wave, post-punk was typically more challenging, arty, and abrasive. The movement was effectively started by the debut of [[Public Image Ltd.]] in 1978, formed by former [[Sex Pistols]] singer [[John Lydon]] (formerly Johnny Rotten), and was soon joined by bands such as [[Joy Division]], [[Siouxsie & the Banshees]], [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], and [[Echo & the Bunnymen]]. Predominantly a British phenomenon, the genre continued into the 1980s with some commercial exposure domestically and overseas, but the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was [[Ireland]]'s [[U2]], which by the late 1980s had become one of the biggest bands in the world.
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| − | == Rock diversifies in the 1980s ==
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| − | In the 1980s, popular rock diversified. This period also saw the [[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]] with bands such as [[Iron Maiden]] and [[Def Leppard]] gaining popularity. The early part of the decade saw [[Eddie Van Halen]] achieve musical innovations in rock guitar, while vocalists [[David Lee Roth]] (of [[Van Halen]]) and [[Freddie Mercury]] (of [[Queen (band)|Queen]] as he had been doing throughout the 1970s) raised the role of frontman to near performance art standards. [[Bono]] of [[U2]] would continue this trend. Concurrently, pop-New Wave bands remained popular, with performers like [[Billy Idol]] and [[The Go-Go's]] gaining fame. American [[heartland rock]] gained a strong following, exemplified by [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Donnie Iris]], [[Mellencamp|John (Cougar) Mellencamp]] and others. Led by the American folk [[singer-songwriter]] [[Paul Simon]] and the British former [[prog rock]] star [[Peter Gabriel]], rock and roll fused with a variety of folk music styles from around the world; this fusion came to be known as "[[world music]]", and included fusions like [[aboriginal rock]]. Also, more extreme forms of rock music began to evolve; in the early eighties, the harsh and aggressive [[thrash metal]] attracted large underground audiences and a few bands, including [[Metallica]] and [[Megadeth]], went on for mainstream success.
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| − | === Glam metal ===
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| − | One genre that was widely popular in the 1980s (c.1983) was [[glam metal]]. Taking influence from various artists such as [[Aerosmith]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], [[Alice Cooper]], [[Sweet (band)|Sweet]] and the [[New York Dolls]]. The earliest glam metal bands to gain notability included: [[Mötley Crüe]], [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]] and [[Quiet Riot]]. They became known for their debauched lifestyles, teased hair and use of make-up and clothing. Their songs were bombastic and often defiantly macho, with lyrics focused on sex, drinking, drugs, and the occult.
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| − | In 1987 a second wave of glam metal acts, sometimes referred to as [[sleaze rock]], emerged including [[L.A. Guns]] and [[Faster Pussycat]].
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| − | === Instrumental rock ===
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| − | [[Instrumental rock]] was also popularized during this period with [[Joe Satriani]]'s release of ''[[Surfing with the Alien]]''. Many guitarists, feeling constrained by the style of music performed by their respective bands, began releasing solo albums that showcased their guitar skills. Guitarists such as: [[Steve Vai]], [[Paul Gilbert]], [[Vinnie Moore]], [[Tony MacAlpine]], [[Eric Johnson]], [[Yngwie Malmsteen]] and [[Steve Morse]] have all greatly contributed to the genre.
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| − | === Alternative music and the indie movement ===
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| − | The term ''alternative music'' (also often known as [[alternative rock]]) was coined in the early 1980s to describe bands which didn't fit into the mainstream genres of the time. Bands dubbed "alternative" could be most any style not typically heard on the radio; however, most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to [[punk rock|punk]]. Important bands of the '80s alternative movement included [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[the Smiths]], [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], [[Hüsker Dü]], [[the Cure]], and countless others. Artists largely were confined to [[indie (music)|indie]] record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based around [[Campus radio|college radio]], fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. Although these groups never generated spectacular album sales, they exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 80s and ended up breaking through to mainstream success in the 1990s. Notable styles of alternative rock during the 80s include [[jangle pop]], [[gothic rock]], [[college rock]], and [[indie rock]]. The next decade would see the success of [[grunge music|grunge]] in the US and [[Britpop]] in the UK, bringing alternative rock into the mainstream.
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| − | == Alternative goes mainstream (Early-mid 1990s) ==
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| − | === Grunge ===
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| − | By the 1990s, rock was dominated by slick and commercial glam metal, hair metal and arena rock artists. [[MTV]] had arrived and promoted this excessive focus on image and style. Disaffected by this, in the mid-1980s, bands in [[Washington|Washington state]] (particularly in the [[Seattle]] area) formed a new style of rock music which sharply contrasted the mainstream rock of the time.
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| − | The developing genre came to be known as "grunge", a term meaning "dirt" or "filth". The term was perhaps seen as appropriate due to the dirty sound of the music and the unkempt appearance of most musicians. Grunge fused elements of [[hardcore punk]] and [[heavy metal]] into a single sound, and made heavy use of guitar [[distortion (guitar)|distortion]], [[fuzzbox|fuzz]] and [[audio feedback|feedback]]. The lyrics were typically apathetic and angst-filled, and often concerned themes such as social alienation and entrapment. Although it was also known for its dark humor and parodies of commercial rock.
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| − | Bands such as [[Green River (band)|Green River]], [[Soundgarden]], the [[Melvins]] and [[Skin Yard]] pioneered the genre, with [[Mudhoney (band)|Mudhoney]] becoming the most successful by the end of the decade. However grunge remained largely a local phenomenon until 1991, when [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s album ''[[Nevermind]]'' broke into the mainstream. [[Pearl Jam]] also contributed to this with their album ''[[Ten (Pearl Jam album)|Ten]]''. Both bands were more melodic than their predecessors and were instant sensations worldwide, but they refused to buy in to corporate promotion and marketing mechanisms. During 1991 and 1992, other grunge bands such as Soundgarden, [[Alice in Chains]] and [[Candlebox]] gained a wider audience. Commercial rock and metal faded almost completely from the mainstream.
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| − | While grunge itself can be seen as somewhat limited in range, its influence was felt across many geographic and musical boundaries; many artists who were similarly disaffected with commercial rock music suddenly found record companies and audiences willing to listen, and dozens of disparate acts positioned themselves as alternatives to mainstream music; thus [[alternative rock]] emerged from the underground. This helped pave the way for bands such as the [[Smashing Pumpkins]] and [[Stone Temple Pilots]] who were initially stereotyped as grunge but later enjoyed commercial and critical success independent of the genre.
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| − | In early April 1994, grunge took a sudden shift in popularity with the death of Nirvana's frontman [[Kurt Cobain]]. Although grunge bands continued to release albums, the genre began to decline in popularity and, by the end of the decade, many grunge bands had split up, stopped touring, or had changed their musical direction.
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| − | === Britpop ===
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| − | While America was full of grunge, post-grunge, and hip hop, Britain launched a 1960s revival in the mid-90s, often called [[Britpop]], with bands like [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Supergrass]], [[The Verve]], [[Radiohead]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] and [[Blur (band)|Blur]]. These bands drew on myriad styles from the 80s British rock underground, including [[twee pop]], [[shoegazing]] and [[space rock]] as well as traditional British guitar influences like the Beatles and glam rock. For a time, the Oasis-Blur rivalry was similar to the Beatles-Rolling Stones rivalry, or the Nirvana-Pearl Jam rivalry in America. While bands like Blur tended to follow on from the [[Small Faces]] and [[The Kinks]], Oasis mixed the attitude of the Rolling Stones with the melody of the Beatles. The Verve and Radiohead took inspiration from performers like [[Elvis Costello]], [[Pink Floyd]] and [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]] with their progressive rock music, manifested in Radiohead's most famous album, ''[[OK Computer]]''. These bands became very successful, and for a time Oasis was given the title "the biggest band in the world" thanks to [[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?|an album]] selling some 19 million copies worldwide but slowed down after band breakups, publicity disasters in the United States and slightly less popular support. The Verve disbanded after on-going turmoil in the band. Radiohead has gone on to make more experimental albums, thus losing some of their fan base.
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| − | === Indie rock ===
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| − | By the mid-90s, the term "alternative music" had lost much of its original meaning as rock radio and record buyers embraced increasingly slick, commercialized, and highly marketed forms of the genre. At the end of the decade, [[hip hop music]] had pushed much of alternative rock out of the mainstream, and most of what was left played [[pop-punk]] and highly polished versions of a grunge/rock mishmash.
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| − | Many acts that, by choice or fate, remained outside the commercial mainstream became part of the [[indie rock]] movement. Indie rock acts placed a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers, often releasing albums on their own independent record labels and relying on touring, word-of-mouth, and airplay on independent or college radio stations for promotion. Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie rock movement encompasses a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge influenced bands like [[Superchunk]] to do-it-yourself experimental bands like [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]] to punk-folk singers such as [[Ani DiFranco]].
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| − | Currently, many countries have an extensive local [[indie (music)|indie]] scene, flourishing with bands with much less popularity than commercial bands, just enough of it to survive inside the respective country, but virtually unknown outside them.
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| − | == Success of hybrid genres ==
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| − | === Pop punk ===
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| − | One result of the 70s punk explosion was pop punk. Championed by bands such as [[the Buzzcocks]] and [[the Ramones]], the genre was never as commercially successful as the name may have suggested, but it's influence can be still be heard in many artists today; the fusion of pop melodies, rapid-fire playing of instruments, and the raw and visceral lyrics and sound of punk rock is apparent in everyone from [[Nirvana]] to [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]].
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| − | Today, Pop Punk is used to describe modern punk bands with a heavy Pop influence, bands such as [[Green Day]], [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and [[The Offspring]] championed the genre, while [[Blink 182]], [[Sum 41]] and [[Good Charlotte]] brought the genre to new commercial heights in the late nineties to early 2000's. Modern Pop Punk bands (sometimes mislabelled as "emo") Include [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Paramore]] and [[My Chemical Romance]].
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| − | === Post-grunge ===
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| − | In the wake of Cobain's death a new style of music called ''post-grunge'' evolved. Similar to the relationship between pop punk and punk rock, post-grunge differed from grunge in its more radio-friendly pop-oriented sound. After Australia's [[Silverchair]] achieved international success with their debut album [[Frogstomp]] record labels began to actively search for the "next Nirvana". Former Nirvana drummer [[Dave Grohl]]'s new band the [[Foo Fighters]] helped further popularize the genre, and other bands such as [[Creed (band)|Creed]], [[Collective Soul]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]] and [[Live (band)|Live]] helped cement post-grunge one of the most commercially viable sub-genres of the late nineties.
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| − | Female solo artist [[Alanis Morissette]] also found success while being labeled under the post-grunge tag. In 1995 her album ''[[Jagged Little Pill]]'' became a major hit by featuring blunt, revealing songs such as "[[You Oughta Know]]". Combining the confessional, female-centered lyrics of artists such as [[Tori Amos]] with a post-grunge, guitar-based sound created by producer [[Glen Ballard]], it succeeded in moving the introspection that had become so common in grunge to the mainstream. The success of ''Jagged Little Pill'' influenced successful more pop-oriented female artists during the late 90s including [[Fiona Apple]], [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]] and [[Liz Phair]].
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| − | === Nu metal and Rapcore ===
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| − | In the early 90s bands like [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[311]], [[Cypress Hill]] and later [[Limp Bizkit]] and [[Korn]] had brought a fresh sound by combining rap and rock with much success. Later in the decade this style, which contained a mix of grunge, metal, and hip-hop, became known as [[rapcore]] and spawned a wave of successful bands like [[Linkin Park]] and [[P.O.D.]]. Many of these bands also considered themselves a part of the similar genre ''nu metal''.
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| − | == Present day (2000-present) ==
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| − | === Internet influence ===
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| − | In the early 2000s the entire music industry was shaken by claims of massive theft of music rights using [[file-sharing]] tools such as [[Napster]], resulting in lawsuits against private file-sharers by the recording industry group the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].
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| − | During much of the 2000s, rock has not featured as prominently in album sales in the US as in other countries such as the UK and Australia. By contrast to those countries, [[hip hop music]] has [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3168554.stm dominated the US single charts], with artists such as [[Jayceon Taylor|the Game]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Kanye West]], [[Nelly]], [[Eminem]] and [[Jay-Z]]. According to a recent study by Teenage Research Unlimited, hip hop is the most popular format of music among adults from ages 18-34 in the United States. R&B acts like [[Mariah Carey]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] and [[Alicia Keys]] are very popular on the pop charts, although with the exception of Carey, none of these acts, rap or R&B, sell as many albums as rock did. Nearly all of the best selling albums of all time are still rock.
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| − | The biggest factor that has affected the production and distribution of rock music is the rise of paid [[digital downloads]] in the 2000s. During the 90s, the importance of the buyable [[music single]] faded when ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' allowed singles without buyable, album-separate versions to enter its [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100 chart]] (charting only with radio airplay). The vast majority of songs bought on paid download sites are singles bought from their albums; songs that are bought on a song-by-song basis off artist's albums are considered sales of singles, even though they have no official buyable single.
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| − | === Garage rock revival ===
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| − | After existing in the musical underground, garage rock saw a resurgence of popularity with the [[garage rock revival]]. Bands like [[The White Stripes]], [[The Strokes]], [[The Vines]], and [[The Hives]], [[Ryver Road]] all released successful singles and albums. This wave is also sometimes referred to as ''back-to-basics rock'' because of its raw sound.
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| − | === Post-punk revival ===
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| − | Additionally, the retro trend has led to a [[Post-punk revival]] with bands like [[The Libertines]], [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]], [[Bloc Party]], [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]], and [[Editors]]. Many of these bands are also sometimes included under the umbrella term of Indie Rock.
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| − | === Emo ===
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| − | In the early 2000s, pop punk began to regain popularity, with dominant acts such as [[Hawthorne Heights]]. Media institutions began to label this scene as emo despite the fact that emo was originally an underground offshoot of 80s hardcore rock, involving such bands as [[Sunny Day Real Estate]]. There is still a lot of debate over which bands truly are emo, and the term could be used to describe everything including [[Fugazi]]. As the name suggests, the lyrics in emo songs are often about [[depression (mood)|depression]] and troubled relationships. Recent emo bands include: [[My Chemical Romance]], [[Fall Out Boy]],<ref name="AMG-Fall Out Boy">{{cite web|url=http://wc06.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kzfexqw0ldte|title=All Music Guide - Fall Out Boy biography|accessdate=2008-01-04|author=Loftus, Johnny; Apar, Corey|publisher=''[[All Media Guide]]''}}</ref> [[Cute Is What We Aim For]]<ref name="AMG-Cute is what we aim for">{{cite web|url=
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| − | http://wc01.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?P=amg&opt1=1&sql=Cute%20Is%20What%20We%20Aim%20For|title=All Music Guide - Cute Is What We Aim For biography|accessdate=2008-01-04|author=Apar, Corey|publisher=''[[All Media Guide]]''}}</ref> and [[Panic! at the Disco]].<ref name="AMG-Panic at the Disco">{{cite web|url=http://wc02.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?P=amg&opt1=1&sql=Panic!%20at%20the%20Disco|title=All Music Guide - Panic! at the Disco biography|accessdate=2008-01-04|author=Apar, Corey|publisher=''[[All Media Guide]]''}}</ref>
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| − | === Metalcore ===
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| − | Often dubbed new-nu-metal by many metal fans, metalcore evolved way back in the early 90's but only really came to prominence in the early 21st century with the video play of bands such as [[Killswitch Engage]], [[Trivium]] and [[Bullet for My Valentine]] on TV music channels. Metalcore came about from combining hardcore punk and post-hardcore with metal. Influences from early [[emocore]] and [[screamo]] are also common.
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| − | == Social impacts ==
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| − | The influence of rock and roll is far-reaching, and has had significant impact worldwide on fashion and film styles. However [[rap]] and [[hip hop]] would later replace this role. Its impact has been positive as well, with the trend of many rock stars facilitating charity events such as [[Live Aid]]. Saving the World is becoming a more and more common phrase associated with rock music today.
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| − | There are also spiritual aspects tied to rock music. Songwriters like [[Pete Townshend]] have explored these in their work. The common usage of the term ''rock god'' acknowledges the religious quality of the adulation some rock stars receive.
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| − | [[Category: General Reference]]
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| | [[Category: Music]] | | [[Category: Music]] |
