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'''Scripture''' is a term for writings that are definitively characteristic of particular religious traditions, (John Miller and Aaron Kenedi. ''God's Breath: Sacred Scriptures of the World: The Essential Texts of Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Suf.'' Marlowe and Company, New York, 2000) called "sacred writings." [http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Scripture Dictionary definition of "scripture" from Houghton Mifflin]  It is more specific than the term ''religious [[text]]'', [http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/RELIGIOUSTEXT Definitoon of "religious text"] which scholars can apply even to mythological and ritual texts from ancient religions, where records of their authority (or heresy) have not survived.  

'''Scripture''' is a term for writings that are definitively characteristic of particular religious traditions, (John Miller and Aaron Kenedi. ''God's Breath: Sacred Scriptures of the World: The Essential Texts of Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Suf.'' Marlowe and Company, New York, 2000) called "sacred writings." [https://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Scripture Dictionary definition of "scripture" from Houghton Mifflin]  It is more specific than the term ''religious [[text]]'', [https://www.wordwebonline.com/en/RELIGIOUSTEXT Definiton of "religious text"] which scholars can apply even to mythological and ritual texts from ancient religions, where records of their authority (or heresy) have not survived.  

 

==Etymology and usage==

==Etymology and usage==

''Scripture'' is derived from [[Latin]] '':la:scriptura'' (writing), and [[cognate]] to Old French ''escriture'' and modern '':fr:écriture''. The oldest English usage cited in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (OED) is from ''Cursor Mund]'' (''c''. 1300): "For-þi es godd, als sais scripture." The OED also cites Encyclopædia Britannica (23rd ed., 1888): "The revelation of God in nature is presupposed by that in Scripture."

''Scripture'' is derived from [[Latin]] '':la:scriptura'' (writing), and [[cognate]] to Old French ''escriture'' and modern '':fr:écriture''. The oldest English usage cited in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (OED) is from ''Cursor Mund]'' (''c''. 1300): "For-þi es godd, als sais scripture." The OED also cites Encyclopædia Britannica (23rd ed., 1888): "The revelation of God in nature is presupposed by that in Scripture."

The word was coined in 1250-1300, during the Middle English period, from the [[Latin]] word, ''scriptura'', meaning "writing." [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture Etymology of the word "scripture"]

The word was coined in 1250-1300, during the Middle English period, from the [[Latin]] word, ''scriptura'', meaning "writing." [https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture Etymology of the word "scripture"]

The usage of the term, ''scripture'', arose as an [[English]] translation for Judaeo-Christian writings [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture] The first definition of a word in a dictionary refers to the manner in which it is most commonly used. The 2006 ''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'' states that the first definition of the word "scripture" is in reference to "the sacred writings of the Old and New Testaments or both together."] and was applied, by [[analogy]], to the scriptures of other traditions. It is commonly used in reference to the [[Bible]] and [[Quran|Koran]].  

The usage of the term, ''scripture'', arose as an [[English]] translation for Judaeo-Christian writings [https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture] The first definition of a word in a dictionary refers to the manner in which it is most commonly used. The 2006 ''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'' states that the first definition of the word "scripture" is in reference to "the sacred writings of the Old and New Testaments or both together."] and was applied, by [[analogy]], to the scriptures of other traditions. It is commonly used in reference to the [[Bible]] and [[Quran|Koran]].  

The word, ''scripture'', has been firmly attached to the [[Bible]] in that it is used 32 times in 32 verses in the King James Bible. [http://cf.blueletterbible.org/search/translationResults.cfm?Criteria=scripture&t=KJV Bible Search results] An example of its usage in the New Testament is in [http://www.bartleby.com/108/43/10.html#35 John 10:35, KJV Bible, "...the scripture cannot be broken,"] and in the Old Testament in [http://www.bartleby.com/108/27/10.html#21 Daniel 10:21, KJV Bible, "...I will show thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth."]

The word, ''scripture'', has been firmly attached to the [[Bible]] in that it is used 32 times in 32 verses in the King James Bible. [https://cf.blueletterbible.org/search/translationResults.cfm?Criteria=scripture&t=KJV Bible Search results] An example of its usage in the New Testament is in [https://www.bartleby.com/108/43/10.html#35 John 10:35, KJV Bible, "...the scripture cannot be broken,"] and in the Old Testament in [https://www.bartleby.com/108/27/10.html#21 Daniel 10:21, KJV Bible, "...I will show thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth."]

==Comparisons==

==Comparisons==

Investigations by scholars of [[ religion]] determine the different reasoning that lies behind why various [[traditions]] determine some writings to be scripture and others not. (William P. Lazarus and Mark Sullivan. ''Comparative Religion for Dummies.'' John Wiley and Sons Ltd, United States, 2008) [http://www.religionfacts.com/religion/quotes.htm What is religion?]</ref>

Investigations by scholars of [[ religion]] determine the different reasoning that lies behind why various [[traditions]] determine some writings to be scripture and others not. (William P. Lazarus and Mark Sullivan. ''Comparative Religion for Dummies.'' John Wiley and Sons Ltd, United States, 2008) [https://www.religionfacts.com/religion/quotes.htm What is religion?]</ref>

This can be illustrated by the documentation of the Egyptian cult of [[Aten]], [http://www.philae.nu/akhet/history6.html A history of "The Short-lived Cult of Aten"]  which lasted less than a generation (ca 1350 - 1335 BC), having been suppressed as heresy. Therefore, texts in praise of Aten, such as [[Great Hymn to the Aten]], are not regarded as scriptures. Because the worship of Aten was suppressed, (E. A. Wallis Budge. ''The Cult of Aten the God and Disk of the Sun Its Origin Development and Decline.'' Kessinger Publishing Company, 2005) the writings that support it cannot be considered within the confines of mainstream ancient Egyptian scriptures. (G. A. Gaskell. ''Egyptian Scriptures Interpreted Through the Language of Symbolism Present in All Inspired Writings.'' Kessinger Publishing Company, 2004,  Donald B. Redford. ''The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion.'' Oxford University Press, 2002)  

This can be illustrated by the documentation of the Egyptian cult of [[Aten]], [https://www.philae.nu/akhet/history6.html A history of "The Short-lived Cult of Aten"]  which lasted less than a generation (ca 1350 - 1335 BC), having been suppressed as heresy. Therefore, texts in praise of Aten, such as [[Great Hymn to the Aten]], are not regarded as scriptures. Because the worship of Aten was suppressed, (E. A. Wallis Budge. ''The Cult of Aten the God and Disk of the Sun Its Origin Development and Decline.'' Kessinger Publishing Company, 2005) the writings that support it cannot be considered within the confines of mainstream ancient Egyptian scriptures. (G. A. Gaskell. ''Egyptian Scriptures Interpreted Through the Language of Symbolism Present in All Inspired Writings.'' Kessinger Publishing Company, 2004,  Donald B. Redford. ''The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion.'' Oxford University Press, 2002)  

On the other hand, the ''Nicene Creed''[http://www.creeds.net/ancient/nicene.htm The Nicene Creed] is an early Christian description of their beliefs. However, although this is clearly a religious text and is still highly valued by Christians today, it is not considered scripture [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture Definition of "scripture"]  because it is not among the sacred writings of either the Old or New Testaments. Scriptures are religious texts, the [[truth]] of which is received by believers based on [[faith]] or [[belief]], in that [[faith]] is belief in the trustworthiness of a written/spoken [[idea]] that has not been proven.[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/faith Definition of faith]

On the other hand, the ''Nicene Creed''[https://www.creeds.net/ancient/nicene.htm The Nicene Creed] is an early Christian description of their beliefs. However, although this is clearly a religious text and is still highly valued by Christians today, it is not considered scripture [https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scripture Definition of "scripture"]  because it is not among the sacred writings of either the Old or New Testaments. Scriptures are religious texts, the [[truth]] of which is received by believers based on [[faith]] or [[belief]], in that [[faith]] is belief in the trustworthiness of a written/spoken [[idea]] that has not been proven.[https://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/faith Definition of faith]

==References==

==References==

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm] MP3 Sephardic-style Hebrew Bible

* [https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm] MP3 Sephardic-style Hebrew Bible

* [http://www.zalag.net/OTstudies/Hebrew%20Audio.htm] MP3 Complete Hebrew Bible

* [https://www.zalag.net/OTstudies/Hebrew%20Audio.htm] MP3 Complete Hebrew Bible

* [http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/i/tr/t0.htm] MP3 תורה נביאים כתובים

* [https://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/i/tr/t0.htm] MP3 תורה נביאים כתובים

* [http://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml]The Westminster Leningrad Codex (4.9)

* [https://www.tanach.us/Tanach.xml]The Westminster Leningrad Codex (4.9)

* [http://tanakhml2.alacartejava.net/cocoon/tanakhml/d11.php2xml] The Hebrew Bible in XML (BHS/Parallel/KJV)

* [https://tanakhml2.alacartejava.net/cocoon/tanakhml/d11.php2xml] The Hebrew Bible in XML (BHS/Parallel/KJV)

* [http://www.helding.net/greeklatinaudio/greek/] MP3 Greek New Testament

* [https://www.helding.net/greeklatinaudio/greek/] MP3 Greek New Testament

* [http://biblos.com] Multilingual Bible: Search, Read, Study

* [https://biblos.com] Multilingual Bible: Search, Read, Study

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The [[evolution]] of religious [[philosophy]] among the Hellenic and Hebrew peoples affords a contrastive illustration of the function of the church as an institution in the shaping of [[Culture|cultural]] progress. In Palestine, human thought was so priest-controlled and scripture-directed that [[philosophy]] and [[aesthetics]] were entirely submerged in religion and morality. In Greece, the almost complete absence of priests and "sacred scriptures" left the [[human]] [[mind]] free and unfettered, resulting in a startling development in depth of thought. But religion as a personal [[experience]] failed to keep pace with the [[intellect]]ual probings into the nature and [[reality]] of the [[cosmos]].[http://mercy.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper98.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper98.html&line=57#mfs]

The [[evolution]] of religious [[philosophy]] among the Hellenic and Hebrew peoples affords a contrastive illustration of the function of the church as an institution in the shaping of [[Culture|cultural]] progress. In Palestine, human thought was so priest-controlled and scripture-directed that [[philosophy]] and [[aesthetics]] were entirely submerged in religion and morality. In Greece, the almost complete absence of priests and "sacred scriptures" left the [[human]] [[mind]] free and unfettered, resulting in a startling development in depth of thought. But religion as a personal [[experience]] failed to keep pace with the [[intellect]]ual probings into the nature and [[reality]] of the [[cosmos]].[https://mercy.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper98.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper98.html&line=57#mfs]

[[Category:Religion]]

[[Category:Religion]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]