Difference between revisions of "Secondary Corpus"

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Works attributed to [[human]] sources.
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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:sonarlight.jpg|right]]
  
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Works attributed to [[human]] sources.                                                                                                        
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(Return to '''''[[Primary Corpus]]''''')
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== [[Articles]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Articles] ==
 
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*Work written for a [[periodical]] of some kind.
 
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=== [[Derivative]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Derivative] ===
 
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*Work derived from a prior [[source]] - not [[primitive]] or [[original]].
 
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===[[Extended]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Extended]===
 
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*Works related to materials in the [[Primary Corpus]] by virtue of the [[content]].
 
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== [[Books]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Books] ==
 
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*[[Source]] or [[derivative]] work related to [[Primary Corpus]]; [[extended]] set of works related by virtue of the [[content]].
 
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=== [[Source]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Source] ===
 
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*Work which identified as apparent [[source]] materials for elements in the [[Primary Corpus]].
 
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=== [[Derivative]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Derivative] ===
 
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*Work derived from a prior [[source]] - not [[primitive]] or [[original]].
 
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=== [[Extended]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Extended] ===
 
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*Works related to materials in the [[Primary Corpus]] by virtue of the [[content]].
 
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== [[The Humanities]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:The_Humanities] ==
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== The [[Humanities]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:The_Humanities] ==
  
 
Those academic disciplines which study the [[human condition]].
 
Those academic disciplines which study the [[human condition]].
  
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=== [[Classics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:The_Classics] ===
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=== [[Classics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:The_Classics] ===
 
Studies dealing with the [[language]]s, [[literature]], [[history]], [[art]], and all aspects of the ancient [[Mediterranean]] world.
 
Studies dealing with the [[language]]s, [[literature]], [[history]], [[art]], and all aspects of the ancient [[Mediterranean]] world.
  
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=== [[History]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:History] ===
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=== [[Cosmology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Cosmology] ===
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The study of the Universe integrating [[science]], [[philosophy]], and [[religion]].
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=== [[History]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:History] ===
 
Study of the past, focused on [[human]] activity and leading up to the present day.
 
Study of the past, focused on [[human]] activity and leading up to the present day.
  
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=== [[Languages and Literature]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Languages_and_Literature] ===
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=== [[Literature]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Languages_and_Literature] ===
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The [[symbols]] used for [[communication]]; the rules and applications of their usage.
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Language [[symbols]] used for [[communication]] and often as an art including the critical analysis of the same.
  
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=== [[Philosophy]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Philosophy] ===
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=== [[Philosophy]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Philosophy] ===
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[[φιλοσοφία]] from [[φίλος]] (philos) "beloved" & [[σοφία]] (sophia) "wisdom."
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from (philos) "[[love|beloved]]" & (sophia) "[[wisdom]]."
  
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=== [[Religion]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Religion] ===
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=== [[Religion]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Religion] ===
 
From L. ''re-ligare'' meaning to rebind.
 
From L. ''re-ligare'' meaning to rebind.
  
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=== [[The Arts]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:The_Arts] ===
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=== [[The Arts]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:The_Arts] ===
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*A broad subdivision of culture, composed of many expressive disciplines.
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*A broad subdivision of [[culture]], composed of many expressive disciplines.
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==== [[Film]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Film] ====
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==== [[Film]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Film] ====
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*Individual motion pictures or the field of film as an art form
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*Individual motion pictures or the field of film as an [[art]] form
  
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==== [[Music]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Music] ====
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==== [[Music]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Music] ====
 
*An art form consisting of [[sound]] and [[silence]] expressed through [[time]].
 
*An art form consisting of [[sound]] and [[silence]] expressed through [[time]].
  
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==== [[Opera]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Opera]====
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==== [[Opera]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Opera]====
 
*Opera is a form of musical and dramatic work in which singers convey the drama.
 
*Opera is a form of musical and dramatic work in which singers convey the drama.
  
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====[[Paintings]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Paintings] ====
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====[[Paintings]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Paintings] ====
 
*Applying color to a surface with [[drawing]], [[composition]] and other aesthetic considerations.
 
*Applying color to a surface with [[drawing]], [[composition]] and other aesthetic considerations.
  
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==== [[Prints]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Prints] ====
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==== [[Prints]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Prints] ====
 
*The process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper.
 
*The process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper.
  
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==== [[Sculpture]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Sculpture] ====
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==== [[Sculpture]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Sculpture] ====
 
*Three-dimensional objects, created as art.
 
*Three-dimensional objects, created as art.
  
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==== [[Theatre]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Theatre] ====
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==== [[Theatre]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Theatre] ====
 
*Dramatic performance where speech, either from written [[text]] (plays), or improvised is paramount.
 
*Dramatic performance where speech, either from written [[text]] (plays), or improvised is paramount.
  
 
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==[[The Sciences]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:The_Sciences]==
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==[[The Sciences]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:The_Sciences]==
 
[[Knowledge]] of 'observable' [[phenomena]] based on the [[scientific method]].
 
[[Knowledge]] of 'observable' [[phenomena]] based on the [[scientific method]].
  
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=== [[Natural Sciences]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Natural_Sciences] ===
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=== [[Natural Sciences]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Natural_Sciences] ===
 
The [[rational]] study of the [[universe]] understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin.
 
The [[rational]] study of the [[universe]] understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin.
  
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==== [[Astronomy]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Astronomy] ====
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==== [[Astronomy]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Astronomy] ====
 
The science of [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]] and [[phenomena]] that originate outside the [[Earth's atmosphere]].
 
The science of [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]] and [[phenomena]] that originate outside the [[Earth's atmosphere]].
  
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==== [[Cosmology]] ====
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==== [[Physical Cosmology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Physical_Cosmology] ====
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'''Cosmology''', from the [[Greek language|Greek]]:
 
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κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος ([[cosmos]]) order + λογος ([[logos]]) word, reason, plan) is the quantitative (usually [[mathematics|mathematical]]) study of the [[universe|Universe]] in its totality, and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word ''cosmology'' is recent (first used in 1730 in [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]]'s ''Cosmologia Generalis''), study of the Universe has a long history involving [[science]], [[philosophy]], [[esotericism]], and [[religion]].
 
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== Disciplines ==
 
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In recent times, [[physics]] and [[astrophysics]] have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as [[physical cosmology]] by bringing observations and mathematical tools to analyze the universe as a whole; in other words, in the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scale and at the earliest moments, is generally understood to begin with the [[big bang]] (possibly combined with [[cosmic inflation]]) - an [[metric expansion of space|expansion of space]] from which the Universe itself is thought to have emerged ~13.7 ± 0.2 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] (10<sup>9</sup>) years ago. From its violent beginnings and until its various speculative [[end of the universe|ends]], cosmologists propose that the history of the Universe has been governed entirely by [[physical laws]].
 
  
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Between the domains of [[religion and science]], stands the [[philosophy|philosophical]] perspective of [[cosmology (metaphysics)|metaphysical cosmology]]. This ancient field of study seeks to draw [[intuitive]] conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation.
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[[Cosmology]], Gr.κοσμολογία the quantitative study of the [[universe|Universe]]
  
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Cosmology is often an important aspect of the [[origin belief]]s of [[religion]]s and [[mythology|mythologies]] that seek to explain the [[existence]] and nature of [[reality]]. In some cases, views about the creation ([[cosmogony]]) and destruction ([[eschatology]]) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of [[religious cosmology]] for understanding humanity's role in the universe.
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==== [[Biology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Biology] ====
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A more contemporary distinction between religion and philosophy, [[esoteric cosmology]] is distinguished from religion in its less tradition-bound construction and reliance on modern "intellectual understanding" rather than [[faith]], and from philosophy in its emphasis on [[spirituality]] as a formative concept.
 
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== Physical cosmology ==
 
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{{Main|Physical cosmology}} 
 
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Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins of the Universe and the nature of the Universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as [[celestial mechanics]], the study of the [[celestial sphere|heavens]]. The Greek philosophers [[Aristarchus of Samos]], [[Aristotle]] and [[Ptolemy]] proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the [[geocentric]] [[Ptolemaic system]] was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], and subsequently  [[Johannes Kepler]] and [[Galileo Galilei]] proposed a [[heliocentric]] system in the [[16th century]]. This is known as one of the most famous examples of [[epistemological rupture]] in physical cosmology.
 
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With [[Isaac Newton]] and the 1687 publication of ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia Mathematica]]'', the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for [[Kepler's laws]] and his [[law of universal gravitation]] allowed the [[anomalies]] in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the [[Copernican principle]] that the bodies on earth obey the same [[physical law]]s as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology.
 
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Modern scientific cosmology is usually considered to have begun in 1917 with [[Albert Einstein]]'s publication of his final modification of [[general relativity]] in the paper "Cosmological Considerations of the General Theory of Relativity," (although this paper was not widely available outside of Germany until the end of [[World War I]]). General relativity prompted [[cosmogony|cosmogonists]] such as [[Willem de Sitter]], [[Karl Schwarzschild]] and [[Arthur Eddington]] to explore the astronomical consequences of the theory, which enhanced the growing ability of [[astronomy|astronomers]] to study very distant objects. Prior to this (and for some time afterwards), physicists assumed that the Universe was static and unchanging. In parallel to this dynamic approach to cosmology, a debate was unfolding regarding the nature of the cosmos itself. On the one hand, Mount Wilson astronomer Harlow Shapley championed the model of a cosmos made up of the [[Milky Way]] star system only. [[Heber D. Curtis]], on the other hand, suggested spiral nebulae were star systems in their own right, island universes. This difference of ideas came to a climax with the organization of the [[Great Debate]] at the meeting of the (US) National Academy of Sciences in Washington on 26 April 1920. The resolution of the debate on the structure of the cosmos came with the detection of novae in the [[Andromeda galaxy]] by [[Edwin Hubble]] in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond the edge of the Milky Way and as galaxies of their own. Subsequent modeling of the universe explored the possibility that the [[cosmological constant]] introduced by Einstein in his 1917 paper may result in an [[expanding universe]], depending on its value. Thus the [[big bang]] theory was proposed by the [[Belgium|Belgian]] priest [[Georges Lemaître]] in 1927 which was subsequently corroborated by [[Edwin Hubble]]'s discovery of the [[Redshift|red shift]] in 1929 and later by the discovery of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] by [[Arno Penzias]] and [[Robert Woodrow Wilson]] in 1964. These findings were a first step to rule out some of many [[Non-standard cosmology|alternative physical cosmologies]].
 
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Recent observations made by the [[COBE]] and [[WMAP]] satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists' eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called [[Cosmic inflation]], which is a modification of the standard [[big bang]] theory. This has led many to refer to modern times as the "Golden age of cosmology". <ref> [[Alan Guth]] is reported to have made this very claim in an [[Edge Foundation]] interview [http://www.edge.org/documents/day/day_guth.html]. </ref>
 
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== Metaphysical cosmology ==
 
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[[Image:Universum.jpg|thumb|right|320px|[[Hand-colouring|Hand-coloured]] version of the anonymous [[Flammarion woodcut]](1888).]]
 
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{{Main|Cosmology (metaphysics)}}
 
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In [[philosophy]] and [[metaphysics]], cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the Universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approaches these questions using philosophical methods (e.g. [[dialectic]]s). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as:
 
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*What is the origin of the Universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see [[monism]], [[pantheism]], [[emanationism]] and [[creationism]])
 
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*What are the ultimate material components of the Universe? (see [[mechanism (philosophy)|mechanism]], [[dynamism]], [[hylomorphism]], [[atomism]])
 
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*What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the Universe? Does the cosmos have a purpose? (see [[teleology]])
 
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== Religious cosmology ==
 
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[[Image:Hinducosm_Map1.svg|250px|thumb|Large scale structure of the Universe according to one [[Hindu cosmology]].]]
 
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{{Main|Religious cosmology}}
 
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Many world [[religion]]s have [[origin beliefs]] that explain the beginnings of the Universe and life. Often these are derived from [[scripture|scriptural]] teachings and held to be part of the faith's [[dogma]], but in some cases these are also extended through the use of philosophical and metaphysical arguments.
 
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In some origin beliefs, the universe was [[cosmogony|created]] by a direct act of a [[deity|god or gods]] who are also responsible for the creation of [[human race|humanity]] (see [[creationism]]). In many cases, religious cosmologies also foretell the [[eschatology|end of the Universe]], either through another divine act or as part of the original design.
 
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*Both [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]] rely on the [[creation according to Genesis|Genesis narrative]] as a [[scripture|scriptural account]] of cosmology. See also [[Biblical cosmology]] and [[Tzimtzum]].
 
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*[[Islam]] relies on understanding from the [[Qur'an]] as its major source for explaining cosmology. See [[Islamic cosmology]]. Also see ''[http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_4_section_5.html The Quran and Cosmology]''
 
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* Certain adherents of [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]] (See also [[Hindu cosmology]]) and [[Jainism]] believe that the Universe passes through endless cycles of creation and destruction, each cycle lasting for trillions of years (e.g. 331 trillion years, or the life-span of Brahma, according to [[Hinduism]]), and each cycle with sub-cycles of local creation and destruction (e.g. 4.32 billion years, or a day of Brahma, according to [[Hinduism]]). The [[Vedas|Vedic]] (Hindu) view of the world sees one true divine principle self-projecting as the divine word, 'birthing' the cosmos that we know from the monistic ''Hiranyagarbha'' or Golden Womb.
 
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* A complex mixture of native Vedic gods, spirits, and demons, overlaid with imported Hindu and Buddhist deities, beliefs, and practices are the key to the [[Sri Lanka]]n cosmology.
 
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*The [[Australian Aboriginal]] concept of ''[[Dreaming]]'' explains the creation of the universe as an eternal continuum; ''everywhen''. Through certain ceremonies, the past "opens up" and comes into the present. Each topographical feature is a manifestation of dormant creation spirits; each individual has personal Dreamings and ceremonial responsibilities to look after the spirits/land, determined at birth, within this belief framework.
 
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Many religions accept the findings of physical cosmology, in particular the [[big bang]], and some, such as the [[Roman Catholic Church]], have embraced it as suggesting a philosophical first cause. Others have tried to use the methodology of science to advocate for their own religious cosmology, as in [[intelligent design]] or [[creationist cosmologies]].
 
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== Esoteric cosmology ==
 
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{{Main|Esoteric cosmology}}
 
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Many [[Esoteric knowledge|esoteric]] and [[Occultism|occult]] teachings involve highly elaborate cosmologies. These constitute a "map" of the Universe and of states of existences and consciousness according to the [[worldview]] of that particular doctrine. Such cosmologies cover many of the same concerns also addressed by religious and philosophical cosmology, such as the origin, purpose, and destiny of the Universe and of [[consciousness]] and the nature of [[existence]]. For this reason it is difficult to distinguish where religion or philosophy end and esotericism and/or occultism begins.
 
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Common themes addressed in esoteric cosmology are [[emanation]], [[Involution (metaphysics)|involution]], [[Spiritual evolution|evolution]], [[Epigenesis (creative intelligences)|epigenesis]], [[Plane (cosmology)|planes of existence]], hierarchies of [[List of deities|spiritual beings]], cosmic cycles (e.g., [[cosmic year]], [[Yuga]]), [[Yoga|yogic]] or spiritual disciplines, and references to [[altered states of consciousness]]. Examples of esoteric cosmologies can be found in modern [[Theosophy]], [[Gnosticism]], ''[[The Urantia Book]]'', [[Tantra]] (especially [[Kashmir Shaivism]]), [[Kabbalah]], [[Sufi cosmology|Sufism]], [[Surat Shabd Yoga|Surat Shabda Yoga]], [[Anthroposophy]], the [[Fourth Way]] teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky and in ''[[The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception]],'' the Third Testament, a work of ''[[Martinus Thomsen]],'' as well as the book ''"[[God Speaks]]"'' by [[Meher Baba]].
 
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==References==
 
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<references />
 
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===Book references===
 
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*Hawley, John F. & Katerine A. Holcomb ''Foundations of Modern Cosmology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1998.
 
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*Hetherington, Norriss S. ''Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives''. Garland Publishing, New York: 1993.
 
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*[[Barry Long | Long, Barry]]. ''The Origins of Man and the Universe'' ISBN 0-9508050-6-8
 
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*Martinus Thomsen's ''The Third Testament'' is about the explanation of life, everything inside it and the reason (or orgin) of it.
 
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* [[Arthur Koestler]]'s ''[[The Sleepwalkers]]'' (1959) provides a scholarly study of the history of cosmology from the Chaldeans to Kepler.
 
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== External links ==
 
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{{Wiktionary}}
 
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* [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] from the American Institute of Physics
 
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* [http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Cosmology.htm Hindu Cosmology]
 
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* [http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~icke/ps/CosmEquations.pdf Cosmology lecture notes] with a [[Wikipedia:List of GFDL content on the internet|GFDL license footer]]
 
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kS_R9v_mwk Cosmology According to the Ancient Wisdom (Mystery Schools) youtube video (7.46 min) ]
 
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* [http://www.martinus.dk/ Martinus Institute] is the website of the Martinus Institute, orginally created by Martinus Thomsen.
 
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* [http://www.asterdomus.com.br/Artigo_a_massa_do_Universo.htm The Mass of the Universe, in AsterDomus Planetarium site (portuguese)]
 
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[[Category: General Reference]]
 
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[[Category: Physical Cosmology]]
 
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==== [[Biology]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Biology] ====
 
 
The disciplines that examine [[phenomenon|phenomena]] related to living organisms.
 
The disciplines that examine [[phenomenon|phenomena]] related to living organisms.
  
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==== [[Chemistry]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Chemistry] ====
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==== [[Chemistry]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Chemistry] ====
 
The scientific study of matter at the [[atom]]ic and [[molecule|molecular]] scale
 
The scientific study of matter at the [[atom]]ic and [[molecule|molecular]] scale
  
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==== [[Earth science]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Earth_Science] ====
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==== [[Earth Science]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Earth_Science] ====
 
The term for the sciences related to the planet [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]
 
The term for the sciences related to the planet [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]
  
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==== [[Physics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Physics] ====
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==== [[Physics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Physics] ====
 
Study of the fundamental constituents of the [[universe]], their [[forces]] and interactions
 
Study of the fundamental constituents of the [[universe]], their [[forces]] and interactions
  
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=== [[Social Sciences]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Social_Sciences] ===
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=== [[Social Sciences]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Social_Sciences] ===
 
The group of disciplines that study [[human]] aspects of the world using the [[scientific method]].
 
The group of disciplines that study [[human]] aspects of the world using the [[scientific method]].
  
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====[[Anthropology]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Anthropology]====
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====[[Anthropology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Anthropology]====
 
A holistic discipline studying the integration of different aspects of the [[Social Sciences]], [[Humanities]], and [[Human biology|Human Biology]].
 
A holistic discipline studying the integration of different aspects of the [[Social Sciences]], [[Humanities]], and [[Human biology|Human Biology]].
  
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====[[Economics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Economics]====
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====[[Economics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Economics]====
 
The study analyzing and describing the production, distribution, and consumption of [[wealth]].
 
The study analyzing and describing the production, distribution, and consumption of [[wealth]].
  
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====[[Education]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Education]====
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====[[Education]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Education]====
 
[[Teaching]] and [[learning]], skills, [[knowledge]], positive [[judgement]] and well-developed [[wisdom]].
 
[[Teaching]] and [[learning]], skills, [[knowledge]], positive [[judgement]] and well-developed [[wisdom]].
  
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====[[Geography]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Geography]====
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====[[Geography]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Geography]====
 
Study of [[earth]] in terms of physical, spatial, and [[cultural]] relationships.
 
Study of [[earth]] in terms of physical, spatial, and [[cultural]] relationships.
  
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====[[Law]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Law]====
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====[[Law]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Law]====
 
Rules that warrant enforcement through [[formal]] processes.
 
Rules that warrant enforcement through [[formal]] processes.
  
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====[[Linguistics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Linguistics]====
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====[[Linguistics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Linguistics]====
 
A discipline that examines at the [[material]], [[cognitive]], and [[social]] aspects of [[human]] [[language]].
 
A discipline that examines at the [[material]], [[cognitive]], and [[social]] aspects of [[human]] [[language]].
  
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====[[Political science]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Political_Science]====
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====[[Political science]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Political_Science]====
 
The theory and practice of [[politics]]; descriptive analyses of [[political system]]s and political behaviour.
 
The theory and practice of [[politics]]; descriptive analyses of [[political system]]s and political behaviour.
  
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====[[Psychology]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Psychology]====
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====[[Psychology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Psychology]====
 
An [[academic]] and [[applied science|applied]] field involving the study of  [[behavior]] and mental processes.
 
An [[academic]] and [[applied science|applied]] field involving the study of  [[behavior]] and mental processes.
  
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====[[Sociology]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Sociology]====
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====[[Sociology]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Sociology]====
 
The study of [[society]] and [[human]] social action.
 
The study of [[society]] and [[human]] social action.
  
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=== [[Formal Sciences]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Formal_Sciences] ===
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----
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=== [[Formal Sciences]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Formal_Sciences] ===
 
Study of abstract [[formal systems]],i.e. [[logic]], [[mathematics]], & theoretical [[computer science]], [[information theory]], & [[statistics]].  
 
Study of abstract [[formal systems]],i.e. [[logic]], [[mathematics]], & theoretical [[computer science]], [[information theory]], & [[statistics]].  
  
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==== [[Computer Science]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Computer_Science] ====
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==== [[Computer Science]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Computer_Science] ====
 
Theoretical foundations of [[information]] and [[computation]]; implementation and application in [[computer system]]s.
 
Theoretical foundations of [[information]] and [[computation]]; implementation and application in [[computer system]]s.
  
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==== [[Information Theory]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Information_Theory] ====
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==== [[Information Theory]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Information_Theory] ====
 
Quantification of data to maximize efficiency in storage & communications.
 
Quantification of data to maximize efficiency in storage & communications.
  
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==== [[Logic]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Logic] ====
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==== [[Logic]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Logic] ====
 
The study of the principles and criteria of valid [[inference]] and [[demonstration (proof)|demonstration]].
 
The study of the principles and criteria of valid [[inference]] and [[demonstration (proof)|demonstration]].
  
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==== [[Mathematics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Mathematics] ====
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==== [[Mathematics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Mathematics] ====
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Knowledge centered on concepts as [[quantity]], [[structure]], [[space]], and [[change]]
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[[Knowledge]] centered on concepts as [[quantity]], [[structure]], [[space]], and [[change]]
  
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==== [[Statistics]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:Statistics] ====
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==== [[Statistics]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Statistics] ====
 
A [[Mathematics|mathematical science]] pertaining to the collection, [[analysis]], interpretation or explanation, and presentation of [[data]].
 
A [[Mathematics|mathematical science]] pertaining to the collection, [[analysis]], interpretation or explanation, and presentation of [[data]].
  
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== [[General Reference]][http://www.revisionscontrol.com/wiki/index.php/Category:General_Reference] ==
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*A category of work providing a wider [[frame of reference]] or [[context]] for understanding.
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== [[General Reference]][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:General_Reference] ==
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*A category of work providing a larger [[frame of reference]] to facilitate understanding.
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===Editor's note===
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While every effort is made to cite references for all entries, basic sources for General Reference are [[Wikipedia]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] and [[Wiktionary]][https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page], well known platforms using [https://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an [[Open Source]] application fostering co-creativity that is the purpose of the [[Nordan Symposia]] where [[soul]], the locus of relationship, grows through [[faithful]] decisions and evolves in [[personal]], [[planetary]],  and [[universal]] dimensions.
 +
 
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Grateful acknowledgment is made for the generous [[spirit]] of the [[Open Source Community]] that in itself demonstrates so well the [[culture]] we are becoming in [[fact]] as we are now in [[truth]].
 +
 
  
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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]]
  
  
 
[[Category: Secondary Corpus]]
 
[[Category: Secondary Corpus]]
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[[Category: General Reference]]
 

Latest revision as of 02:37, 13 December 2020

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Works attributed to human sources. (Return to Primary Corpus)

The Humanities[1]

Those academic disciplines which study the human condition.

Classics[2]

Studies dealing with the languages, literature, history, art, and all aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world.

Cosmology[3]

The study of the Universe integrating science, philosophy, and religion.

History[4]

Study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day.

Literature[5]

Language symbols used for communication and often as an art including the critical analysis of the same.

Philosophy[6]

from (philos) "beloved" & (sophia) "wisdom."

Religion[7]

From L. re-ligare meaning to rebind.

The Arts[8]

  • A broad subdivision of culture, composed of many expressive disciplines.

Film[9]

  • Individual motion pictures or the field of film as an art form

Music[10]

Opera[11]

  • Opera is a form of musical and dramatic work in which singers convey the drama.

Paintings[12]

Prints[13]

  • The process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper.

Sculpture[14]

  • Three-dimensional objects, created as art.

Theatre[15]

  • Dramatic performance where speech, either from written text (plays), or improvised is paramount.

The Sciences[16]

Knowledge of 'observable' phenomena based on the scientific method.

Natural Sciences[17]

The rational study of the universe understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin.

Astronomy[18]

The science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere.

Physical Cosmology[19]

Cosmology, Gr.κοσμολογία the quantitative study of the Universe

Biology[20]

The disciplines that examine phenomena related to living organisms.

Chemistry[21]

The scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale

Earth Science[22]

The term for the sciences related to the planet Earth

Physics[23]

Study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, their forces and interactions

Social Sciences[24]

The group of disciplines that study human aspects of the world using the scientific method.

Anthropology[25]

A holistic discipline studying the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology.

Economics[26]

The study analyzing and describing the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.

Education[27]

Teaching and learning, skills, knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom.

Geography[28]

Study of earth in terms of physical, spatial, and cultural relationships.

Law[29]

Rules that warrant enforcement through formal processes.

Linguistics[30]

A discipline that examines at the material, cognitive, and social aspects of human language.

Political science[31]

The theory and practice of politics; descriptive analyses of political systems and political behaviour.

Psychology[32]

An academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes.

Sociology[33]

The study of society and human social action.

Formal Sciences[34]

Study of abstract formal systems,i.e. logic, mathematics, & theoretical computer science, information theory, & statistics.

Computer Science[35]

Theoretical foundations of information and computation; implementation and application in computer systems.

Information Theory[36]

Quantification of data to maximize efficiency in storage & communications.

Logic[37]

The study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

Mathematics[38]

Knowledge centered on concepts as quantity, structure, space, and change

Statistics[39]

A mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data.

General Reference[40]

Editor's note

While every effort is made to cite references for all entries, basic sources for General Reference are Wikipedia[41] and Wiktionary[42], well known platforms using MediaWiki, an Open Source application fostering co-creativity that is the purpose of the Nordan Symposia where soul, the locus of relationship, grows through faithful decisions and evolves in personal, planetary, and universal dimensions.

Grateful acknowledgment is made for the generous spirit of the Open Source Community that in itself demonstrates so well the culture we are becoming in fact as we are now in truth.


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