Changes

High self-esteem correlates highly with self-reported [[happiness]]. However, it is not clear which, if either, necessarily leads to the other.[20] Additionally, self-esteem has been found to be related to [[forgiveness]] in close relationships, in that people with high self-esteem will be more forgiving than people with low self-esteem.[21]

High self-esteem correlates highly with self-reported [[happiness]]. However, it is not clear which, if either, necessarily leads to the other.[20] Additionally, self-esteem has been found to be related to [[forgiveness]] in close relationships, in that people with high self-esteem will be more forgiving than people with low self-esteem.[21]

The relationship involving self-esteem and academic results does not signify that high self-esteem contributes to high academic results. It simply means that high self- esteem may be accomplished due to high academic performance.[22] (or that academic achievement has little to do with [[happiness]]).See [http://cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521614726 Happiness & Education]

The relationship involving self-esteem and academic results does not signify that high self-esteem contributes to high academic results. It simply means that high self- esteem may be accomplished due to high academic performance.[22] (or that academic achievement has little to do with [[happiness]]).See [https://cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521614726 Happiness & Education]

===Bullying, violence and murder===

===Bullying, violence and murder===

Perhaps one of the strongest theoretical and operational critiques of the concept of self-esteem has come from American psychologist Albert Ellis who on numerous occasions criticized the philosophy as essentially self-defeating and ultimately destructive.[23] Although acknowledging the human propensity and tendency to [[ego]] rating as innate, he has claimed that the philosophy of self-esteem in the last [[analysis]] is both unrealistic, illogical and self- and socially destructive – often doing more harm than good. Questioning the [[foundation]]s and usefulness of generalized ego strength, he has claimed that self-esteem is based on [[arbitrary]] definitional premises, over-generalized, perfectionistic and grandiose [[thinking]].[24] Acknowledging that rating and valuing behaviours and characteristics is functional and even necessary, he sees rating and valuing [[human being]]s' totality and total selves as irrational, unethical and absolutistic. The healthier alternative to self-esteem according to him is unconditional self-acceptance and unconditional other-acceptance and these concepts are incorporated in his therapeutic system Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. In 2005 he released a book with a detailed [[analysis]] of the concept of self-esteem titled "The Myth of Self-esteem".

Perhaps one of the strongest theoretical and operational critiques of the concept of self-esteem has come from American psychologist Albert Ellis who on numerous occasions criticized the philosophy as essentially self-defeating and ultimately destructive.[23] Although acknowledging the human propensity and tendency to [[ego]] rating as innate, he has claimed that the philosophy of self-esteem in the last [[analysis]] is both unrealistic, illogical and self- and socially destructive – often doing more harm than good. Questioning the [[foundation]]s and usefulness of generalized ego strength, he has claimed that self-esteem is based on [[arbitrary]] definitional premises, over-generalized, perfectionistic and grandiose [[thinking]].[24] Acknowledging that rating and valuing behaviours and characteristics is functional and even necessary, he sees rating and valuing [[human being]]s' totality and total selves as irrational, unethical and absolutistic. The healthier alternative to self-esteem according to him is unconditional self-acceptance and unconditional other-acceptance and these concepts are incorporated in his therapeutic system Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. In 2005 he released a book with a detailed [[analysis]] of the concept of self-esteem titled "The Myth of Self-esteem".

===Notes and References===

===Notes and References===

# Defined as "self-esteem; self-respect" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at http://www.bartleby.com/61/58/S0245800.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "self-esteem; self-respect" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at https://www.bartleby.com/61/58/S0245800.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "consideration of oneself or one's interests; self-respect" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at http://www.bartleby.com/61/18/S0241800.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "consideration of oneself or one's interests; self-respect" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at https://www.bartleby.com/61/18/S0241800.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "due respect for oneself, one's character, and one's conduct" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at http://www.bartleby.com/61/23/S0242300.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "due respect for oneself, one's character, and one's conduct" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at https://www.bartleby.com/61/23/S0242300.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# The Macquarie Dictionary. Compare The Dictionary of Psychology by Raymond Joseph Corsini. Psychology Press, 1999. ISBN 158391028X. Online via Google Book Search.

# The Macquarie Dictionary. Compare The Dictionary of Psychology by Raymond Joseph Corsini. Psychology Press, 1999. ISBN 158391028X. Online via Google Book Search.

# Defined as "the instinct or desire to promote one's own well-being; regard for or love of one's self" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at http://www.bartleby.com/61/89/S0238900.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# Defined as "the instinct or desire to promote one's own well-being; regard for or love of one's self" in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000. Online at https://www.bartleby.com/61/89/S0238900.html, retrieved 2007-11-15

# "self-esteem" in Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1989.

# "self-esteem" in Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1989.

# [1], Edward Pickering. (2008 July 1). Unidentified First Use of Self-Esteem: Milton's an Apology for Sanctimonious (1642). Oxford University Press [online]. Available: http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/gjn100v1 [2008 July 1]

# [1], Edward Pickering. (2008 July 1). Unidentified First Use of Self-Esteem: Milton's an Apology for Sanctimonious (1642). Oxford University Press [online]. Available: https://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/gjn100v1 [2008 July 1]

# "self-esteem" in Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1989.

# "self-esteem" in Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1989.

# Rodewalt & Tragakis, 2003

# Rodewalt & Tragakis, 2003

# Mruk, 2006

# Mruk, 2006

# Koole, S. L., & Pelham, B. W. (2003). On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect. In S. Spencer, S. Fein, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium (pp. 93-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

# Koole, S. L., & Pelham, B. W. (2003). On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect. In S. Spencer, S. Fein, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium (pp. 93-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

# Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. http://faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_Farnham_JPSP_2000.OCR.pdf

# Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. https://faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/Gwald_Farnham_JPSP_2000.OCR.pdf

# From the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health from the University of California, San Francisco. Online at http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/notebook/selfesteem.html#Measurement, retrieved 2008-02-25

# From the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health from the University of California, San Francisco. Online at https://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Psychosocial/notebook/selfesteem.html#Measurement, retrieved 2008-02-25

# Maslow A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

# Maslow A. H. (1987). Motivation and Personality (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

# Greenberg, J. (2008). Understanding the vital human quest for self-esteem. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 48-55.

# Greenberg, J. (2008). Understanding the vital human quest for self-esteem. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 48-55.

# Baumeister, 2003.

# Baumeister, 2003.

# Eaton, Struthers, & Santelli, 2006.

# Eaton, Struthers, & Santelli, 2006.

# Baumeister, Roy F., Campbell, Jennifer D., Krueger, Joachim I., D. Vohs Kathleen (2003.) Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Wiley InterScience Journal. Online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118855650/abstract? Retrieved 2008-9-15.

# Baumeister, Roy F., Campbell, Jennifer D., Krueger, Joachim I., D. Vohs Kathleen (2003.) Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Wiley InterScience Journal. Online at https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118855650/abstract? Retrieved 2008-9-15.

# Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers

# Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers

# Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers

# Ellis, A. (2001). Feeling better, getting better, staying better. Impact Publishers

*Branden, N. (1969). The psychology of self-esteem. New York: Bantam.

*Branden, N. (1969). The psychology of self-esteem. New York: Bantam.

*Branden, N. (2001). The psychology of self-esteem: a revolutionary approach to self-understanding that launched a new era in modern psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001. ISBN 0787945269

*Branden, N. (2001). The psychology of self-esteem: a revolutionary approach to self-understanding that launched a new era in modern psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001. ISBN 0787945269

*Burke, C. (2008)"Self-esteem: Why?; Why not?", [Homiletic and Pastoral Review, New York, February 2008]; http://cormacburke.or.ke

*Burke, C. (2008)"Self-esteem: Why?; Why not?", [Homiletic and Pastoral Review, New York, February 2008]; https://cormacburke.or.ke

*Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). "The costly pursuit of self-esteem". Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414.

*Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). "The costly pursuit of self-esteem". Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414.

*Hill, S.E. & Buss, D.M. (2006). "The Evolution of Self-Esteem". In Michael Kernis, (Ed.), Self Esteem: Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives.. Psychology Press:New York. 328-333. Full text

*Hill, S.E. & Buss, D.M. (2006). "The Evolution of Self-Esteem". In Michael Kernis, (Ed.), Self Esteem: Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives.. Psychology Press:New York. 328-333. Full text

===Contingencies of self-worth references===

===Contingencies of self-worth references===

*Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). "Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?" Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.

*Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). "Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?" Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.

*Crocker, J. (2007). Professional Profile: Jennifer Crocker. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://crocker.socialpsychology.org/

*Crocker, J. (2007). Professional Profile: Jennifer Crocker. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from https://crocker.socialpsychology.org/

*Crocker, J., Brook, A. T., & Niiya, Y. (2006). The pursuit of self-esteem: Contingencies of self-worth and self-regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1749-1771.

*Crocker, J., Brook, A. T., & Niiya, Y. (2006). The pursuit of self-esteem: Contingencies of self-worth and self-regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1749-1771.

*Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. (2003). When grades determine self-worth: Consequences of contingent self-worth for male and female engineering and psychology majors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 507-516.

*Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. (2003). When grades determine self-worth: Consequences of contingent self-worth for male and female engineering and psychology majors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 507-516.

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.ericdigests.org/1993/esteem.htm "Self-Esteem and Narcissism: Implications for Practice"], digest of a study on early-childhood education. Retrieved [[2007-07-10]].

* [https://www.ericdigests.org/1993/esteem.htm "Self-Esteem and Narcissism: Implications for Practice"], digest of a study on early-childhood education. Retrieved [[2007-07-10]].

* [http://viewonbuddhism.org/self-confidence.html "Lack of self-confidence"], a Buddhist view. Retrieved [[2007-07-10]].

* [https://viewonbuddhism.org/self-confidence.html "Lack of self-confidence"], a Buddhist view. Retrieved [[2007-07-10]].

* [http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/n71.asp The costs and causes of low self-esteem]

* [https://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/n71.asp The costs and causes of low self-esteem]

* [http://www.nathanielbranden.com/ess/ess12.html "Our Urgent Need For Self-Esteem"] by [[Nathaniel Branden]]

* [https://www.nathanielbranden.com/ess/ess12.html "Our Urgent Need For Self-Esteem"] by [[Nathaniel Branden]]

* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E5DA123AF930A35751C0A9649C8B63&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print "The Trouble With Self-Esteem"] by Lauren Slater, ''[[New York Times]]'', February 3, 2002

* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E5DA123AF930A35751C0A9649C8B63&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print "The Trouble With Self-Esteem"] by Lauren Slater, ''[[New York Times]]'', February 3, 2002

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]