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Biruni has also been praised by several scholars for his [[Islam]]ic anthropology. Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.
Biruni has also been praised by several scholars for his [[Islam]]ic anthropology. Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193.
[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406) is regarded as the father of [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.[[historiography]], Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569. The [[philosophy of history]],Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).[[sociology]],and the social sciences,<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25. and is viewed as one of the forerunners of modern [[economics]]. He is best known for his ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' (''Prolegomenon'' in [[Latin]]).
[[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406) is regarded as the father of [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.[[historiography]], Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569. The [[philosophy of history]],Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).[[sociology]],and the social sciences, Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25. and is viewed as one of the forerunners of modern [[economics]]. He is best known for his ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' (''Prolegomenon'' in [[Latin]]).
===European enlightenment===
===European enlightenment===
