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  • ...l language]] plus a set of [[inference]] rules or transformation rules. A formal system may be formulated and studied for its intrinsic [[value]], or it may Some theorists use the term ''formalism'' as a rough synonym for ''formal system'', but the term is also used to refer to a particular style of ''not
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  • ...ics]], and the theoretical branches of [[computer science]], [[information theory]], and [[statistics]]. ...cial science]], the third branch of science and some of the disciplines of formal science like [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]] are often even referred as
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  • ...ld to lay the groundwork for these fields, and thus to be similar to value theory and meta-ethics. The term was first used in the early 20th century by Paul One area in which [[research]] continues to be pursued is so-called [[formal]] axiology, or the attempt to lay out principles regarding value with [[mat
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  • *3. Logic and [[Mathematics]]. ‘A self-evident proposition, requiring no [[formal]] [[demonstration]] to prove its [[truth]], but received and assented to as ...granted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other (theory dependent) truths.
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  • ==Constructivist Theory== ...the experiences to fit their internal representations. According to the [[theory]], accommodation is the [[process]] of reframing one's mental representatio
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  • The term '''theory''' has two broad sets of [[meanings]], one used in the empirical [[The Scie ...ure]] or discourse is a [[reference]] to a scientific or empirically-based theory.
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  • Rules that warrant enforcement through [[formal]] processes. The theory and practice of [[politics]]; descriptive analyses of [[political system]]s
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  • ...can also apply formal science, such as [[statistics]] and [[probability]] theory, as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology epidemiology]. [https://
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  • ...nce the two definitions are equivalent, lattice theory draws on both order theory and universal algebra. Semilattices include lattices, which in turn include ...Wille in 1984, and builds on applied [[lattice theory|lattice]] and order theory that was developed by [[Garrett Birkhoff|Birkhoff]] and others in the 1930'
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  • *2: [[formal]] [[consent]] : authorization ..., Theorie der Grundrechte, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M.: 1985. Translation: A theory of constitutional rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2002.
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  • ...ranted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other ([[theory]] dependent) [[truths]]. ...[formal]] logical [[expression]] used in deduction to build a mathematical theory. To axiomatize a [[system]] of [[knowledge]] is to show that its claims can
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  • ...ted]] or proposed as a demonstrable [[truth]] often as a part of a general theory : proposition <the theorem that the best defense is offense> ...ndamentally [[deductive]], in [[contrast]] to the notion of a scientific [[theory]], which is [[empirical]].
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  • ...s which would allow physicists to [[confirm]] this cornerstone of modern [[theory]]. ...teams at the LHC independently announced that they each [[confirmed]] the formal [[discovery]] of a previously unknown boson of [[mass]] between 125–127 G
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  • ...e [[state]] of [[being]] recognized: as a : acknowledgment; especially : [[formal]] acknowledgment of the [[political]] [[existence]] of a [[government]] or ..., Meno tells [[Socrates]] that he thinks that Socrates is correct in his [[theory]] of recollection, to which Socrates replies, “I think I am. I shouldn’
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  • ...re is strong [[quantitative]] [[support]], by a [[formal]] test" for the [[theory]] that all living [[organisms]] on [[Earth]] are descended from a common an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Charles Darwin] proposed the [[theory]] of universal common descent through an [[evolutionary]] [[process]] in [h
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  • The [[formal]] [[process]] of achieving consensus [[ideally]] requires serious treatment ...] or [[methods]], but others have prepared extensive documentation on both formal and informal consensus decision-making processes.
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  • ...allenges in implementing computations. For example, [[programming language theory]] studies approaches to describing computations, while [[computer programmi Despite its relatively short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental cont
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  • *1 : an [[act]] of determining; specifically : the [[formal]] [[proclamation]] of a Roman Catholic [[dogma]] ...of the speaker's [[immediate]] [[intentional]] meaning. For example, in [[formal]] [[languages]] like [[mathematics]], a 'stipulative' definition guides a s
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  • * [[Statistics|Statisticians]] have developed formal rules for inference from quantitative data. ...e is never false. This is because the validity of a deductive inference is formal. The inferred conclusion of a valid deductive inference is necessarily true
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  • *2 : [[formal]] withdrawal from an [[organization]] ...ion should be considered only to [[rectify]] grave injustices (“Just Cause Theory”). Some theories do both. A list of justifications may be presented [[su
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  • ==Curriculum in Formal Schooling== In formal education or schooling (see [[education]]), a '''curriculum''' (plural '''c
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  • ...s of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_theory rational choice theory] which is widely used by economists for the understanding and [[modeling]]
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  • ...) by which the sensory elements of a [[perception]] are subjected to the [[formal]] conditions of [[time and space]].
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  • ...y only demands logical consistency in choice making. See [[rational choice theory]]. ...eally" rational, as well as whether it make sense to model them as such in formal models. Some have argued that a kind of [[bounded rationality]] makes more
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  • ...[state]] (state theory) or set of [[attitudes]] and [[beliefs]] (non-state theory) usually induced by a procedure known as a ''hypnotic induction'', which is ...g/wiki/Mesmerism Mesmerism]" or "animal magnetism"), but differed in his [[theory]] as to how the procedure worked.
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  • ...al applications. The terms “basic” or “fundamental” indicate that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for further, sometimes a * Does [[string theory]] provide [[physics]] with a grand unification theory?
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  • ...uid at temperatures near absolute zero) is one well-known example. Quantum theory also provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained [[pheno ...physicists_of_the_20th_century others].[5] Some fundamental aspects of the theory are still actively studied.[6]
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  • ...mentally two types of composition: informal, and the less frequently found formal or symmetrical. Composition is also related to artistic canon, for example, ==Composition Theory==
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  • ...the scientific method to study human behavior and society, and from the [[formal science]]s, such as [[mathematics]] and [[logic]], which use a different [[ ...Kepler|Kepler]]. By the nineteenth century, astronomy had developed into a formal science with the introduction of instruments such as the [[spectroscope]] a
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  • ...lds developed largely independently, but 20th century studies of [[Systems theory]] and [[Cybernetics]] combined with spreading use of computers across all t Traditionally, the [[formal]] modeling of systems has been via a [[mathematical model]], which attempts
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  • ...cture, [[Alfred Korzybski]] is probably best-remembered for developing the theory of [[general semantics]]. ...tion tokens to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar. A parser is the component of a compiler that carries out this task
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  • One attempt to [[formal]]ize the field was notably led by the [[Vienna Circle]] and presented in th *Syntactics: Relation of signs to each other in [[formal]] [[structures]].
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  • ...J. Robert Cox and Charles Arthur Willard, eds. ''Advances in Argumentation Theory and Research'', Southern Illinois University Press, 1983 ISBN 0809310503, I ...h used, having been largely supplanted by [[set theory]]. As the study of formal logic expanded, research no longer focused solely on foundational issues, a
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  • ==Theory of developmental stages== ...w children reason and interact with their surroundings. [[James Marcia]]'s theory focuses on identity achievement and has four identity statuses. [[Maria Mon
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  • ...ntury [[studies]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory Systems theory] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics Cybernetics] combined with [[Traditionally]], the [[formal]] [[modeling]] of [[systems]] has been via a [[mathematical model]], which
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  • ...Subdisciplines include [[meta-ethics]], [[value (ethics)|value theory]], [[theory of conduct]], and [[applied ethics]]. ...yllogism]].) The more advanced topics in logic are generally extensions of formal logic to symbolize the logical relationships involved in particular aspects
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  • ...n cases of obscure [[disease]] and [[death]] the [[ancients]] would hold a formal inquest, dissect the [[body]], and settle upon some finding as the [[cause] ...eans] also looked upon the [[stars]] as the cause of [[suffering]]. This [[theory]] of [[disease]] as a consequence of [[divine]] wrath is still prevalent am
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  • ...9th century, [[Discovery of Neptune|Adams and LeVerrier]] applied Newton's theory (general principle) to deduce the existence, [[mass]], position, and [[orbi ...atural deduction]], an approach to proof theory that attempts to provide a formal model of logical reasoning as it "naturally" occurs.
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  • # law: Any individual or formal organization with [[standing]] before the courts. ...[[medicine]], [[ethics]], [[economic]] and [[Political science|political]] theory, [[human rights]], and [[animal rights]].
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  • ...ies. Even fiction that depicts innovations ruled out by current scientific theory, such as stories about or based on [[faster-than-light]] travel, are still ...ting that people learn to mimic, weave together, and manipulate (such as "formal letter" and "grocery list", or "university lecture" and "personal anecdote"
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  • In the 1980s formal computer knowledge representation languages and systems arose. Major projec ...ow to store and manipulate [[knowledge]] in an [[information system]] in a formal way so that it may be used by mechanisms to accomplish a given task. Exampl
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  • ...in-law, mother-in-law, uncle by marriage, or aunt by marriage. They may be formal long-term relationships recognized by law and formalized through public [[c ...united in a common cause or having a common interest, which may involve [[formal]] membership in a club, organization, association, society, lodge, fraterni
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  • ...ilosopher [[Michel Foucault]] (1926-1984) and [[Jürgen Habermas]]' ''[[The Theory of Communicative Action]]'' (''Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns''). Each ...to developmental psychology by [[Erica Burman]] and in relation to social theory and psychoanalysis by [[Ian Parker (psychologist)]], and a critical researc
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  • ...his level includes Wheeler's [[Oscillatory universe|oscillating universe]] theory as well.) ...t is widely believed that Everett's interpretation (considered as a formal theory) is a [[conservative extension]] of standard quantum mechanics&nbsp;– tha
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  • ...s given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's [[AQAL]] theory [https://aqaljournal.integralinstitute.org/public/Pdf/AQAL_Glossary_01-27-0 ...n of [[consciousness]] has also become a central theme in much of integral theory [https://integral-review.org/current_issue/documents/Gidley,%20Evolution%20
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  • ::b. A formal diplomatic or intergovernmental communication. ...[[pitch]] for most Western music, 440 Hz, is named a′ or A4. There are two formal ways to define each note and octave, the Helmholtz system and the Scientifi
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  • '''Hermeneutics''' is the study of [[interpretation]] theory. [[Tradition]]al hermeneutics - which includes [[Bible|Biblical]] hermeneut Philosophical hermeneutics refers primarily to [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]]'s theory of [[knowledge]] as developed in ''Truth and Method'', and sometimes to [[P
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  • ...e often led to major advances in the physical and biological sciences. The formal sciences are essential in the formation of [[hypotheses]], [[theories]], an ..., a large number of hypotheses may be logically bound together by a single theory. A ''[[physical law]]'' or ''law of nature'' is a scientific generalization
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  • The [[theory]] of [[Potentiality]] and '''Actuality''' is one of the central themes of [ Now, substance is a [[formal]] act. Moreover, a formal act is always the end of a transitive movement. Substance can also then be
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  • ...map is similar to a semantic network or [[cognitive]] map but there are no formal restrictions on the kinds of links used. The semantic network was developed as a theory to understand [[human]] learning, and developed into mind maps by Dr Allan
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  • In his [[Euclid's_Elements|Elements]], [[Euclid]] developed the theory of ratios of magnitudes without studying the nature of magnitudes, as Archi ...bers, number systems, with their kinds and relations, fall into the number theory. Geometry studies the issues of spatial magnitudes: straight lines (their l
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  • ...e often led to major advances in the physical and biological sciences. The formal sciences are essential in the formation of [[hypotheses]], [[theories]], an ..., a large number of hypotheses may be logically bound together by a single theory. A ''[[physical law]]'' or ''law of nature'' is a scientific generalization
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  • ...n essayist Renato Poggioli's 1962 book Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia (The Theory of the Avant-Garde). Surveying the historical, social, psychological and ph ...ify and extend Poggioli's study. The German literary critic Peter Bürger's Theory of the Avant-Garde (1974) looks at the Establishment's embrace of socially
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  • A more formal distinction is whether the law is held to be sovereign, which constitutes a ...n an attempt, argues [[Giorgio Agamben]], to counter [[Walter Benjamin]]'s theory of [[violence]] as radically disjoint from law. [[Georges Bataille]]'s hete
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  • ...s comes from [[Sigmund Freud]]’s structural [[model]]. According to this [[theory]], id impulses are based on the [[pleasure]] principle: instant gratificati ...ions; separation of emotion from [[ideas]]; [[thinking]] about wishes in [[formal]], affectively bland terms and not acting on them; avoiding unacceptable em
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  • ...ich'', p. 7. London: Phaidon Press</ref> Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history ...comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or movement; and ''[[art theory]]'', which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art, and is more rel
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  • ...]] [[truth]] is dead [[truth]], and only dead [[truth]] can be held as a [[theory]]. Living [[truth]] is [[dynamic]] and can [[enjoy]] only an [[experiential ...living [[God]]. Neither [[tradition]] nor a [[ceremonial]] [[system]] of [[formal]] [[worship]] can [[atone]] for the lack of genuine [[compassion]] for one'
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  • ...ip with information science. LIS should not be confused with [[information theory]], the mathematical study of the [[concept]] of information, or [[informati ==Theory and practice==
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  • ...5] and radiological release (e.g., GBq of radio-iodine). There are many [[formal]] [[method]]s used to assess or to "measure" risk, considered as one of the Thus, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory statistical decision theory], the risk [[function]] of an estimator δ(x) for a parameter θ, calculate
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  • ===Trait theory=== ...cs of men who rose to [[power]].[5] Ronald Heifetz (1994) traces the trait theory approach back to the nineteenth-century [[tradition]] of associating the [[
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  • ''Although theory without [[experiment]] is empty, experiment without theory is blind''. To address the crucial questions about the [[nature]] of mind, ...psychology, neuroscience is often theoretical as well as experimental, and theory development is frequently aided by developing computational models of the [
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  • ...y]] or [[character]]. the Holy Name, the name of [[Jesus]] as an object of formal devotion among Catholics, as in the Litany of the Holy Name and the festiva ...[things]], that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represented the interests of the [[group]], especially unity, w
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  • Later in the West, the success of [[science]], [[mathematics]], and other [[formal system]]s in the 20th century led many to attempt a formalization of the st == Formal languages ==
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  • ...ciences". Its issues were considered no less important than the other main formal subjects of [[Natural Sciences|physical science]], [[medicine]], [[mathemat ..., thus making them part of [[physics]] proper (cf. [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[Theory of Relativity]]).
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  • ...ns. Some of those systematical questions are elaborated in [[Communication theory]]. ...nsmission]] governed by three levels of [[semiotic]] rules: [[Syntactic]] (formal properties of signs and symbols), [[pragmatic]] (concerned with the relatio
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  • Even in [[structuralism|structuralist]] social theory, power appears as a ''process'', an aspect to an ongoing social relationshi ...ssociated with [[Alfred Adler]], place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox [[Freudian]]s might place [[human sexuality|sexuality]]).
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  • mirrors which is that of modernist theory and practice’ (141)3 have tantalising resonances with our primary [[creation]] which is the grappling with observation and [[theory]] is kept at a safe distance. In
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  • ...'). In other words, "reality", as a philosophical category, includes the [[formal]] concept of "nothingness" and articulations and combinations of it with ot ...re they come from. The Galilean proposition in support of the Copernican [[theory]], that the sun is the center of the solar system is one that states the fa
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  • ...s dance studies (dance [[practice (learning method)|practice]], [[critical theory]], [[Musical analysis]] and [[history]]) began to be considered an [[academ ...[[Cultural Studies]], [[Gender Studies]], [[Area studies]], [[Postcolonial theory]], [[Ethnography]], etc.
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  • ====Practice and theory==== ...[[employment]], and [[business]]. Critics of academia say that academic [[theory]] is insulated from the '[[real world]]', and thus does not have to take in
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  • ...d, seemingly, resisted mathematical study, and yet the [[Natural Selection|Theory of Natural Selection]] and the implied idea of [[Genetic inheritance]] - la ...e [[Freud]] in Austria and [[William James]] in the United States. Freud's theory of the functioning of the [[mind]], and James' work on experimental [[psych
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  • ...nd less of the living; on [[Paradise]], more of the living and less of the formal; on [[Uversa]], both are equally available." ...living records of the tertiary seconaphim of the [[superuniverses]]. The [[formal]] records are on file to corroborate the testimony of the Memories of Mercy
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  • Not to be confused with [[informatics]] or [[information theory]]. Information science should not be confused with [[information theory]], the study of a particular mathematical concept of information, or with [
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  • ...n power; however, many scholars have questioned this view of Machiavelli's theory, arguing that "Machiavelli did not invent 'Machiavellism' and may not even ...Government]]''. In the ''First Treatise of Government'', Locke refutes the theory of the [[Divine Right of Kings]] as put forward by [[Robert Filmer]]; he "m
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  • Aristotle's theory enumerates the possible causes which fall into several wide [[groups]], amo * The [[formal]] cause tells us what, by [[analogy]] to the plans of an artisan, a thing i
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  • ...otalitarianism seeks to mobilize entire [[population]]s in support of an [[Formal|official]] [[state]] [[ideology]], and is intolerant of activities which ar ...ystem to [[survive]] showed not only its inability to adapt but the mere [[formal]]ity of supposed popular participation.
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  • ...e returned in the mutuality of shared experience. You who have taught in a formal situation where you are the designated instructor and the other is the spec ...what is doubted and what is sought for. Even the one who has developed the theory of the non-existence of God has been impassioned by the drive of spirit to
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  • ==90:3. THE SHAMANIC THEORY OF DISEASE AND DEATH== ...n cases of obscure [[disease]] and [[death]] the [[ancients]] would hold a formal inquest, dissect the [[body]], and settle upon some finding as the [[cause]
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  • ...hics and philosophical anthropology, and the reasons for relating literary theory to ethics and philosophical anthropology. Construing Schelling as an ideali ...sm. Bakhtin’s ‘ethics of answerability’ together with his work on literary theory can be understood as a solution to problems posed by Schelling’s philosop
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  • While there is no generally accepted ''formal'' definition of "algorithm", an informal definition could be "an algorithm ...ut integers from an ''[[arbitrary]]'' "input" integer or integers that, in theory, can be chosen from 0 to infinity. Thus we might expect an algorithm to be
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  • ...[3] "Metaphrase" corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence," and "paraphrase", to "dynamic equivalence."[4] ...lity vs. transparency has also been formulated in terms of, respectively, "formal equivalence" and "dynamic equivalence." The latter two expressions are asso
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  • ...é (see COMMONTY), and the 4-syllabic co(m)munité, which remained in closer formal connexion with the original Latin type. The L. word was merely a noun of qu ...McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory," p. 16.)</blockquote>
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  • ...irthed it. As GA founder Eric Gans (1993) points out: "We can construct no theory of the human that is not grounded on the human necessity that motivates our meet the demands of newly discovered formal language. Did the advent of formal language result from a later cerebral mutation,
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  • ...y is an act which engenders new realities; it is the fulfilment of radical theory, the revolutionary act par excellence. ...and initial stage in need of theoretical adaptation, of transposition into formal terms. This view isolates spontaneity, treats it as a thing-in-itself - and
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  • ...e custodians of the old theory lubricate sanctimoniously with their purely formal opposition.
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  • # The [[formal]] or [[informal]] [[system]] of [[primary]] [[principle]]s and [[law]]s tha # A legal [[document]] describing such a formal system.
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  • ...and methods. He was also urged to make this distinction in the course of a formal dialogue with evangelical sociologist Ronald Enroth, and also after convers ...not a meaningful scientific concept.''</ref> The brief characterized the theory of brainwashing as not scientifically proven and advanced the position that
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  • ...also in Germany and in Italy. Marxists call this early stage of communist theory "utopian socialism" while their own views as "scientific socialism" or "sci [[Marxism]], the by far most important communist theory, was created by Karl Marx a Friedrich Engels around 1850. The philosopher L
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  • ...enture]] and [[Thomas Aquinas]], the scholastic tradition adopted the more formal and concise genre of the summa, which largely superseded the dialogue as ph ...philosopher and [[semiotician]] Maranhão 1990, p.197 [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]’s theory of "dialogue" emphasized the power of discourse to increase understanding o
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  • ...he Urantia Book is not [[necessary]], as the [[thought]] [[pattern]] and [[theory]] of its philosophies and of its teachings are pervasive in the work that w ...ons, but also pique your interest to know more about. So do not be overly formal about this; know that I will assist you in guidelines if you stray outside
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  • ...nd other proponents of advanced [[cosmic]] concepts who subscribe to the [[theory]] that there is "no time." They have reason for that [[understanding]] at t ...it, for it is my [[mission]], whether I have [[formal]] [[students]] or a formal [[teacher base]] or not. I, like you, [[hunger]] for the [[association]] of
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  • ...ugmenting [[knowledge]], resolving [[doubt]], or solving a [[problem]]. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment of ...ormative science]] of [[logic]]. In its inception, the pragmatic model or theory of inquiry was extracted by Peirce from its raw materials in classical logi
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  • ...d the practical need to focus research. It does not necessarily reflect a theory of culture that conceptually distinguishes between the material, the social ...on that they could apply to a wider variety of societies. Attentive to the theory of [[evolution]], they assumed that all human beings evolved equally, and t
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  • ...d the practical need to focus research. It does not necessarily reflect a theory of culture that conceptually distinguishes between the material, the social ...on that they could apply to a wider variety of societies. Attentive to the theory of [[evolution]], they assumed that all human beings evolved equally, and t
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  • ...k. My Father Fragment I know experientially—from experience: that’s not a theory. It’s harder for me to judge—not judge, but experience you and Michael
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  • Weather is a [[Chaos theory|chaotic system]] that is readily modified by small changes to the [[Natural ...ration of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the [[endosymbiotic theory|development of yet more complex cells]] called [[eukaryotes]].[https://ams.
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  • ...[[experimenting]] and give you [[opportunity]] to ask questions before a [[formal]] lesson is delivered. Now that you have grown such you are reaching levels ...s very [[powerful]] in determining our [[reality]] so that [[abundance]] [[theory]] says that in order to have material [[abundance]] in one's life you have
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  • ...nflict in the Middle East and have sat in on many of the conferences, both formal and informal, wherein the on-going rebellion against the status quo is dist ...his role as leader of your country but to retaliate and rebel against the theory of turning the cheek, when your country was punched in the nose by those wh
    31 KB (5,649 words) - 20:20, 27 December 2010
  • Apart from formal punishment, historically adulterers have suffered from society's disapprovi ...similar to that demanded of the wife must have gained ground, at least in theory. This Lecky gathers from the [[legal maxim]] of [[Ulpian]]: "It seems most
    19 KB (2,972 words) - 23:45, 12 December 2020
  • ...re already doing much of what I ask, and I am pleased. I intend to begin [[formal]] [[teaching]] soon. One of my [[methods]] which I will try to present to y ...kipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory chaos theory], and its . . . so-called chaos theory...and some of its [[effects]] are beginning to reach many [[minds]], the op
    43 KB (7,407 words) - 22:59, 12 December 2020

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