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The philosopher and commentator [[Shankara]] is thought to have composed commentaries on eleven mukhya or principal Upanishads, those that are generally regarded as the oldest, spanning the late Vedic and Mauryan periods. The Muktika Upanishad (predates 1656) contains a list of 108 canonical Upanishads.
The philosopher and commentator [[Shankara]] is thought to have composed commentaries on eleven mukhya or principal Upanishads, those that are generally regarded as the oldest, spanning the late Vedic and Mauryan periods. The Muktika Upanishad (predates 1656) contains a list of 108 canonical Upanishads.
==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The [[Sanskrit]] term ''upaniṣad'' derives from ''upa-'' (nearby), ''ni-'' (at the proper place, down) and ''sad'', that is "sitting down near" a teacher in order to receive instruction- "laying siege" to the teacher, as Schayer puts it. Monier-Williams adds that "according to native authorities ''upanishad'' means 'setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit');..." [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0200/mw__0234.html] A gloss of the term ''upaniṣad'' based on [[Shankara]]'s commentary on the Katha Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishads equates it with ''Ātmavidyā'', that is "knowledge of the [[Atman]]", or ''Brahmavidyā'' "knowledge of Brahma". Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine".
The [[Sanskrit]] term ''upaniṣad'' derives from ''upa-'' (nearby), ''ni-'' (at the proper place, down) and ''sad'', that is "sitting down near" a teacher in order to receive instruction- "laying siege" to the teacher, as Schayer puts it. Monier-Williams adds that "according to native authorities ''upanishad'' means 'setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit');..." [https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0200/mw__0234.html] A gloss of the term ''upaniṣad'' based on [[Shankara]]'s commentary on the Katha Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishads equates it with ''Ātmavidyā'', that is "knowledge of the [[Atman]]", or ''Brahmavidyā'' "knowledge of Brahma". Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine".
==Philosophy==
==Philosophy==
==List of Upanishads==
==List of Upanishads==
==="Principal" Upanishads===
==="Principal" Upanishads===
The following list includes the eleven "principal" (''mukhya'') Upanishads commented upon[http://www.cs.memphis.edu/~ramamurt/u_intro1.html#NDAUTHOR] by [[Shankara]], and accepted as [[shruti]] by most Hindus. Each is associated with one of the four Vedas ([[Rigveda]] (ṚV), [[Samaveda]] (SV), [[White Yajurveda]] (ŚYV), [[Black Yajurveda]] (KYV), [[Atharvaveda]] (AV));
The following list includes the eleven "principal" (''mukhya'') Upanishads commented upon[https://www.cs.memphis.edu/~ramamurt/u_intro1.html#NDAUTHOR] by [[Shankara]], and accepted as [[shruti]] by most Hindus. Each is associated with one of the four Vedas ([[Rigveda]] (ṚV), [[Samaveda]] (SV), [[White Yajurveda]] (ŚYV), [[Black Yajurveda]] (KYV), [[Atharvaveda]] (AV));
# Aitareya ṚV)
# Aitareya ṚV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka Bṛhadāraṇyaka] (ŚYV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka Bṛhadāraṇyaka] (ŚYV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad Taittiriya Upanishad] (KYV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad Taittiriya Upanishad] (KYV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya Chāndogya] (SV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya Chāndogya] (SV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenopanishad Kenopanishad Kena] (SV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenopanishad Kenopanishad Kena] (SV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Upanishad Isha Upanishad] Īṣa (ŚYV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Upanishad Isha Upanishad] Īṣa (ŚYV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara Śvetāśvatara] (KYV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara Śvetāśvatara] (KYV)
# Kaṭha (KYV)
# Kaṭha (KYV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Daka Muṇḍaka] (AV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Daka Muṇḍaka] (AV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya Māṇḍūkya] (AV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya Māṇḍūkya] (AV)
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%9Bna Praśna] (AV)
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%9Bna Praśna] (AV)
The [[Kauśītāki]] and [[Maitrāyaṇi]] Upanishads are sometimes added. All these date from before the [[Common Era]]. From [[linguistics|linguistic]] evidence, the oldest among them are the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Chāndogya Upanishads. The Jaiminīya Upaniṣadbrāhmaṇa, belonging to the late Vedic Sanskrit period, may also be included. Of nearly the same age are the Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upaniṣads, while the remnant date from the time of transition from Vedic to Classical Sanskrit.
The [[Kauśītāki]] and [[Maitrāyaṇi]] Upanishads are sometimes added. All these date from before the [[Common Era]]. From [[linguistics|linguistic]] evidence, the oldest among them are the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Chāndogya Upanishads. The Jaiminīya Upaniṣadbrāhmaṇa, belonging to the late Vedic Sanskrit period, may also be included. Of nearly the same age are the Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upaniṣads, while the remnant date from the time of transition from Vedic to Classical Sanskrit.
The older Upanishads are associated with Vedic Charanas, Shakhas or schools; the Aitareya and [[Kauśītāki]] Upanishads with the Shakala shakha, the Chāndogya Upanishad with the Kauthuma shakha, the Kena Upanishad with the [[Jaiminiya]] shakha, the Kaṭha Upanishad with the Caraka-Katha shakha, the Taittirīya and [[Śvetāśvatara]] Upanishads with the [[Taittiriya]] shakha, the Maitrāyaṇi Upanishad with the Maitrayani shakha, the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Īṣa Upanishads with the Vajasaneyi Madhyandina shakha, and the Māṇḍūkya and Muṇḍaka Upanishads with the [[Shaunaka]] shakha.
The older Upanishads are associated with Vedic Charanas, Shakhas or schools; the Aitareya and [[Kauśītāki]] Upanishads with the Shakala shakha, the Chāndogya Upanishad with the Kauthuma shakha, the Kena Upanishad with the [[Jaiminiya]] shakha, the Kaṭha Upanishad with the Caraka-Katha shakha, the Taittirīya and [[Śvetāśvatara]] Upanishads with the [[Taittiriya]] shakha, the Maitrāyaṇi Upanishad with the Maitrayani shakha, the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Īṣa Upanishads with the Vajasaneyi Madhyandina shakha, and the Māṇḍūkya and Muṇḍaka Upanishads with the [[Shaunaka]] shakha.
In the Muktika Upanishad's list of 108 Upanishads the first 10 are grouped as ''mukhya'' "principal". 21 are grouped as Sāmānya Vedānta "common [[Vedanta]]", 23 as Sannyāsa, 9 as Shākta, 13 as Vaishnava, 14 as Shaiva and 17 as [[Yoga]] Upanishads. [http://www.vedah.com/org/literature/upanishads/108Upanishads.asp] [http://www.egr.msu.edu/~sundare2/mantra-sangraha/MuktikaUpanishad.pdf]
In the Muktika Upanishad's list of 108 Upanishads the first 10 are grouped as ''mukhya'' "principal". 21 are grouped as Sāmānya Vedānta "common [[Vedanta]]", 23 as Sannyāsa, 9 as Shākta, 13 as Vaishnava, 14 as Shaiva and 17 as [[Yoga]] Upanishads. [https://www.vedah.com/org/literature/upanishads/108Upanishads.asp] [https://www.egr.msu.edu/~sundare2/mantra-sangraha/MuktikaUpanishad.pdf]
===Shakta Upanishads===
===Shakta Upanishads===
==External links==
==External links==
===Original text===
===Original text===
* [http://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_upanishhat/ Upanishads at Sanskrit Documents Site]
* [https://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_upanishhat/ Upanishads at Sanskrit Documents Site]
* [http://www.swargarohan.org/Upanishad/main.htm Several Upanishads, Devanagari text, in PDF]
* [https://www.swargarohan.org/Upanishad/main.htm Several Upanishads, Devanagari text, in PDF]
* [http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Upan GRETIL]
* [https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Upan GRETIL]
* [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/texte/texte.htm TITUS]
* [https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/texte/texte.htm TITUS]
===Translations===
===Translations===
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/upan/index.htm Translations of major Upanishads]
* [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/upan/index.htm Translations of major Upanishads]
* [http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/aitareya_upanishad.php 11 principal Upanishads with translations]
* [https://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/aitareya_upanishad.php 11 principal Upanishads with translations]
* [http://www.sankaracharya.org Translations of principal Upanishads at sankaracharya.org]
* [https://www.sankaracharya.org Translations of principal Upanishads at sankaracharya.org]
* [http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/vedanta.htm Upanishads and other Vedanta texts]
* [https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/vedanta.htm Upanishads and other Vedanta texts]
* http://www.worldwidewonder.co.cc
* https://www.worldwidewonder.co.cc
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/mridul.htm Hindi poetic translations of Upanishads by Dr Mridul Kirti]
* [https://www.kavitakosh.org/mridul.htm Hindi poetic translations of Upanishads by Dr Mridul Kirti]
*[http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/ Complete translation on-line into English of all 108 Upaniṣad-s] [not only the 11 (or so) major ones to which the foregoing links are meagerly restricted]-- lacking, however, diacritical marks
*[https://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/ Complete translation on-line into English of all 108 Upaniṣad-s] [not only the 11 (or so) major ones to which the foregoing links are meagerly restricted]-- lacking, however, diacritical marks
[[Category: Religion]]
[[Category: Religion]]
