Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

Old Norse ''vīkingr''

Old Norse ''vīkingr''

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 19th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 19th Century]

The Old Norse [[feminine]] noun ''víking'' refers to an [[expedition]] overseas. It occurs in Viking Age [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune runic] inscriptions and in later medieval writings in set [[expressions]] such as the phrasal verb ''fara í víkin''g "to go on an expedition". In later [[texts]] such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_sagas Icelandic sagas], the phrase "to go on a viking" implies [[participation]] in raiding activity or piracy, and not simply seaborne missions of trade and [[commerce]]. The derived Old Norse masculine noun ''víkingr'' appears in Viking Age [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaldic_poetry skaldic poetry] and on several [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_stone rune stones] found in Scandinavia, where it refers to a seaman or [[warrior]] who takes part in an expedition overseas. The word ''víking'' derives from the feminine ''vík'', meaning "creek, inlet, small bay".

The Old Norse [[feminine]] noun ''víking'' refers to an [[expedition]] overseas. It occurs in Viking Age [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune runic] inscriptions and in later medieval writings in set [[expressions]] such as the phrasal verb ''fara í víkin''g "to go on an expedition". In later [[texts]] such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_sagas Icelandic sagas], the phrase "to go on a viking" implies [[participation]] in raiding activity or piracy, and not simply seaborne missions of trade and [[commerce]]. The derived Old Norse masculine noun ''víkingr'' appears in Viking Age [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaldic_poetry skaldic poetry] and on several [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_stone rune stones] found in Scandinavia, where it refers to a seaman or [[warrior]] who takes part in an expedition overseas. The word ''víking'' derives from the feminine ''vík'', meaning "creek, inlet, small bay".

The form also occurs as a personal name on some Swedish rune stones. There is little indication of any [[negative]] connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age. Regardless of its possible origins, the word was used to indicate an [[activity]] and those who [[participated]] in it, and it did not belong to any [[ethnic]] or cultural group.

The form also occurs as a personal name on some Swedish rune stones. There is little indication of any [[negative]] connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age. Regardless of its possible origins, the word was used to indicate an [[activity]] and those who [[participated]] in it, and it did not belong to any [[ethnic]] or cultural group.

In [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._600-1100.09THE_OLD_ENGLISH.2C_OR_ANGLO-SAXON_PERIOD Old English], the word ''wicing'' appears first in the Anglo-Saxon poem, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith Widsith]'', which probably dates from the 9th century. In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen Adam of Bremen] in about 1070, the term is synonymous with [[pirate]] and a Scandinavian. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or [[culture]] in general. The word does not occur in any preserved [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] texts.

In [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._600-1100.09THE_OLD_ENGLISH.2C_OR_ANGLO-SAXON_PERIOD Old English], the word ''wicing'' appears first in the Anglo-Saxon poem, ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith Widsith]'', which probably dates from the 9th century. In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen written by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen Adam of Bremen] in about 1070, the term is synonymous with [[pirate]] and a Scandinavian. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or [[culture]] in general. The word does not occur in any preserved [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] texts.

The word Viking was introduced into Modern [[English]] during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised [[heroic]] overtones of "[[barbarian]] [[warrior]]" or noble savage. During the 20th century, the [[meaning]] of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia, but secondarily to any Scandinavian who lived during the period from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries, or more loosely from about 700 to as late as about 1100. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to [[ideas]], [[phenomena]] or [[artefacts]] connected with Scandinavians and their cultural life in these centuries, producing [[expressions]] like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship, and so on. The people of medieval Scandinavia are also referred to as Norse, although this term properly applies only to the Old-Norse-speaking peoples of Scandinavia, and not to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people Sami].

The word Viking was introduced into Modern [[English]] during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised [[heroic]] overtones of "[[barbarian]] [[warrior]]" or noble savage. During the 20th century, the [[meaning]] of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia, but secondarily to any Scandinavian who lived during the period from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries, or more loosely from about 700 to as late as about 1100. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to [[ideas]], [[phenomena]] or [[artefacts]] connected with Scandinavians and their cultural life in these centuries, producing [[expressions]] like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship, and so on. The people of medieval Scandinavia are also referred to as Norse, although this term properly applies only to the Old-Norse-speaking peoples of Scandinavia, and not to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people Sami].

The word Viking appears to be older than the Viking Age. It occurs in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], the Alexandrian translation of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.2 2nd Leviticus], which mentions the Jewish exodus from Egypt. On the voyage across the Read Sea, they are termed; ''säwicingas''. In the Alexandrian Widsith occurs the word Viking in line 47; wicinga cynn, [[clan]], and in line 59 and 80, the Vikings used the same term for themselves. The word Viking denotes mobility, those who deal with travel; Vikja, vik, veik, vikjinn is the old west-Norwegian verb with the same meaning as the word viking. Adam of Bremen tells us that these [[pirates]], in Greek words that are related to go (travel), call themselves Vikings, while our countrymen call them ascomanner, i.e. boaters. The term scegdman is Anglo-Saxon and it also means boaters, and there are several other terms with similar meanings (Askeberg 1944 s.153).[7] The Vikings are associated with robbery and [[assault]], and they got a good deal of written [[description]] because of this. The newly established [[Christian]] church was subjected to the Vikings’ robbery, but the reasoning for excursions was the necessary expansion, which was natural for their swidden [[culture]] in a time of [[climate]] deterioration.

The word Viking appears to be older than the Viking Age. It occurs in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], the Alexandrian translation of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.2 2nd Leviticus], which mentions the Jewish exodus from Egypt. On the voyage across the Read Sea, they are termed; ''säwicingas''. In the Alexandrian Widsith occurs the word Viking in line 47; wicinga cynn, [[clan]], and in line 59 and 80, the Vikings used the same term for themselves. The word Viking denotes mobility, those who deal with travel; Vikja, vik, veik, vikjinn is the old west-Norwegian verb with the same meaning as the word viking. Adam of Bremen tells us that these [[pirates]], in Greek words that are related to go (travel), call themselves Vikings, while our countrymen call them ascomanner, i.e. boaters. The term scegdman is Anglo-Saxon and it also means boaters, and there are several other terms with similar meanings (Askeberg 1944 s.153).[7] The Vikings are associated with robbery and [[assault]], and they got a good deal of written [[description]] because of this. The newly established [[Christian]] church was subjected to the Vikings’ robbery, but the reasoning for excursions was the necessary expansion, which was natural for their swidden [[culture]] in a time of [[climate]] deterioration.

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a : one of the [[pirate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen Norsemen] plundering the coasts of Europe in the 8th to 10th centuries

*1a : one of the [[pirate]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen Norsemen] plundering the coasts of Europe in the 8th to 10th centuries

:b not capitalized : sea rover

:b not capitalized : sea rover

*2: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia scandinavian]  

*2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia scandinavian]  

==Description==

==Description==

The '''Vikings''' (from Old Norse ''víkingr'') were seafaring north [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples Germanic people] who raided, traded, [[explored]], and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia, and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings employed wooden [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship longships] with wide, shallow-draft hulls, allowing [[navigation]] in rough [[seas]] or in shallow [[river]] waters. The ships could be landed on beaches, and their light weight enabled them to be hauled over [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage portages]. These versatile ships allowed the Vikings to travel as far east as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River Volga River] in Russia, as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, and as far south as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor Nekor]. This period of Viking expansion, known as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age Viking Age], constitutes an important element of the medieval [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia history of Scandinavia], Great Britain, Ireland, Russia, and the rest of Europe.

The '''Vikings''' (from Old Norse ''víkingr'') were seafaring north [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples Germanic people] who raided, traded, [[explored]], and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia, and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings employed wooden [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship longships] with wide, shallow-draft hulls, allowing [[navigation]] in rough [[seas]] or in shallow [[river]] waters. The ships could be landed on beaches, and their light weight enabled them to be hauled over [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage portages]. These versatile ships allowed the Vikings to travel as far east as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River Volga River] in Russia, as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, and as far south as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor Nekor]. This period of Viking expansion, known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age Viking Age], constitutes an important element of the medieval [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia history of Scandinavia], Great Britain, Ireland, Russia, and the rest of Europe.

Popular conceptions of the Vikings often differ from the [[complex]] [[picture]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and written sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble [[savages]] began to take root in the 18th century, and this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_revival Viking revival]. The received views of the Vikings as violent brutes or intrepid adventurers owe much to the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically highly clichéd, presenting the Vikings as familiar [[caricatures]].

Popular conceptions of the Vikings often differ from the [[complex]] [[picture]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and written sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble [[savages]] began to take root in the 18th century, and this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_revival Viking revival]. The received views of the Vikings as violent brutes or intrepid adventurers owe much to the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically highly clichéd, presenting the Vikings as familiar [[caricatures]].

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: History]]