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'''World Government''' is the notion of a single common [[political]] [[authority]] for all of [[humanity]]. Its [[modern]] conception is rooted in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history European history], particularly in the philosophy of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece ancient Greece], in the political formation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire], and in the subsequent struggle between [[secular]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor Holy Roman Emperor], and [[ecclesiastical]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope Pope]. The seminal work on the subject was written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri Dante Alighieri], titled in Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Monarchia De Monarchia], which in English translates literally as "On Monarchy". Dante's work was published in 1329, but the date of its authorship is disputed.

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''World Government''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:World_Government '''''this link'''''].</center>

==History==

==History==

===Hugo Grotius===

*'''''Hugo Grotius'''''

De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 [[book]] in [[Latin]], written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius Hugo Grotius] and published in Paris, on the [[legal]] [[status]] of [[war]]. It is now regarded as a foundational work in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law international law].

De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 [[book]] in [[Latin]], written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius Hugo Grotius] and published in Paris, on the [[legal]] [[status]] of [[war]]. It is now regarded as a foundational work in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law international law].

===Immanuel Kant===

*'''''Immanuel Kant'''''

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] wrote the essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf.) (1795)". In his essay, Kant describes three basic requirements for [[organizing]] [[human]] affairs to permanently abolish the threat of a [[future]] [[war]], and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Specifically, Kant described his proposed [[peace]] [[program]] as containing two steps.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] wrote the essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf.) (1795)". In his essay, Kant describes three basic requirements for [[organizing]] [[human]] affairs to permanently abolish the threat of a [[future]] [[war]], and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Specifically, Kant described his proposed [[peace]] [[program]] as containing two steps.

#"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States"

#"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States"

#"The Law of World Citizenship Shall Be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality"

#"The Law of World Citizenship Shall Be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality"

 

*'''''Karl Krause'''''

===Karl Krause===

In 1811, German philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Krause Karl Krause], suggested, in an essay titled "The Archetype of Humanity", the formation of five regional federations: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia, aggregated under a world [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic republic]. In 1842, the English poet Lord [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson Alfred Tennyson], published the oft-quoted lines "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksley_Hall Locksley Hall]": For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see / Saw a Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be /... / Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer / and the battle-flags were furled / In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. / There the common sense of most shall hold / a fretful realm in awe / And the kindly earth shall slumber / lapt in [[universal]] [[law]].

In 1811, German philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Krause Karl Krause], suggested, in an essay titled "The Archetype of Humanity", the formation of five regional federations: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia, aggregated under a world [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic republic]. In 1842, the English poet Lord [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson Alfred Tennyson], published the oft-quoted lines "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksley_Hall Locksley Hall]": For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see / Saw a Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be /... / Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer / and the battle-flags were furled / In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. / There the common sense of most shall hold / a fretful realm in awe / And the kindly earth shall slumber / lapt in [[universal]] [[law]].

===League of Nations===

*'''''League of Nations'''''

The League of Nations (LoN) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles Treaty of Versailles] in 1919–1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included upholding the new found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man Rights of Man] such as right of non whites, rights of [[women]], rights of soldiers, disarmament, preventing [[war]] through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security collective security], settling disputes between countries through negotiation, [[diplomacy]] and improving global quality of life. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in [[thought]] from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power Great Powers] to enforce its resolutions, keep to [[economic]] sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.

The League of Nations (LoN) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles Treaty of Versailles] in 1919–1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included upholding the new found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man Rights of Man] such as right of non whites, rights of [[women]], rights of soldiers, disarmament, preventing [[war]] through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security collective security], settling disputes between countries through negotiation, [[diplomacy]] and improving global quality of life. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in [[thought]] from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power Great Powers] to enforce its resolutions, keep to [[economic]] sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.

===United Nations===

*'''''United Nations'''''

[[World War II]], 1939–1945, resulted in an unprecedented [[scale]] of destruction of lives (over 60 million dead, most of them civilians), and the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Some of the acts committed against civilians during the [[war]] were on such a massive scale of savagery, they came to be widely considered as [[crimes]] against [[humanity]] itself. As the war's conclusion drew near, many shocked [[voices]] called for the establishment of [[institutions]] able to permanently prevent deadly international conflicts. This led to the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations United Nations] in 1945, which adopted the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] in 1948. Many, however, felt that the UN, essentially a forum for [[discussion]] and coordination between [[sovereign]] governments, was insufficiently empowered for the task. A number of prominent persons, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill Winston Churchill], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell Bertrand Russell] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi], called on governments to proceed further by taking [[gradual]] steps towards forming an effectual federal world government.

[[World War II]], 1939–1945, resulted in an unprecedented [[scale]] of destruction of lives (over 60 million dead, most of them civilians), and the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Some of the acts committed against civilians during the [[war]] were on such a massive scale of savagery, they came to be widely considered as [[crimes]] against [[humanity]] itself. As the war's conclusion drew near, many shocked [[voices]] called for the establishment of [[institutions]] able to permanently prevent deadly international conflicts. This led to the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations United Nations] in 1945, which adopted the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] in 1948. Many, however, felt that the UN, essentially a forum for [[discussion]] and coordination between [[sovereign]] governments, was insufficiently empowered for the task. A number of prominent persons, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill Winston Churchill], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell Bertrand Russell] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi], called on governments to proceed further by taking [[gradual]] steps towards forming an effectual federal world government.

===World Federalist Movement===

*'''''World Federalist Movement'''''

The years between the conclusion of [[World War II]] and 1950, when the [[Korean War]] started and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] mindset became dominant in international [[politics]], were the "golden age" of the world federalist movement. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Wilkie Wendell Wilkie]'s book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_(book) One World]", first published in 1943, sold over 2 million copies. In another, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Reves Emery Reves]' book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace The Anatomy of Peace]"(1945) laid out the [[arguments]] for replacing the UN with a federal world government and quickly became the "bible" of world federalists. The grassroots world federalist movement in the US, led by people such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Clark Grenville Clark], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cousins Norman Cousins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cranston Alan Cranston] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hutchins Robert Hutchins], organized itself into increasingly larger [[structures]], finally forming, in 1947, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_Federalists United World Federalists] (later renamed to World Federalist Association, then [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions Citizens for Global Solutions]), claiming membership of 47,000 in 1949.

The years between the conclusion of [[World War II]] and 1950, when the [[Korean War]] started and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] mindset became dominant in international [[politics]], were the "golden age" of the world federalist movement. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Wilkie Wendell Wilkie]'s book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_(book) One World]", first published in 1943, sold over 2 million copies. In another, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Reves Emery Reves]' book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace The Anatomy of Peace]"(1945) laid out the [[arguments]] for replacing the UN with a federal world government and quickly became the "bible" of world federalists. The grassroots world federalist movement in the US, led by people such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Clark Grenville Clark], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cousins Norman Cousins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cranston Alan Cranston] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hutchins Robert Hutchins], organized itself into increasingly larger [[structures]], finally forming, in 1947, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_Federalists United World Federalists] (later renamed to World Federalist Association, then [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions Citizens for Global Solutions]), claiming membership of 47,000 in 1949.