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Text replacement - "http://" to "https://"
Having received the required files from the Web server, the browser then [[Layout engine|renders]] the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], and other Web languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen Web page that the user sees.
Having received the required files from the Web server, the browser then [[Layout engine|renders]] the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], and other Web languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen Web page that the user sees.
Most Web pages will themselves contain [[hyperlink]]s to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what [[Tim Berners-Lee]] first called the '''WorldWideWeb''' (a term written in [[CamelCase]], subsequently discarded) in 1990."[http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html] WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project]", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
Most Web pages will themselves contain [[hyperlink]]s to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what [[Tim Berners-Lee]] first called the '''WorldWideWeb''' (a term written in [[CamelCase]], subsequently discarded) in 1990."[https://www.w3.org/Proposal.html] WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project]", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
== History ==
== History ==
The underlying ideas of the Web can be traced as far back as 1980, when, at [[CERN]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Tim Berners-Lee]] built [[ENQUIRE]] (referring to ''[[Enquire Within Upon Everything]]'', a book he recalled from his youth). While it was rather different from the system in use today, it contained many of the same core ideas (and even some of the ideas of Berners-Lee's next project after the World Wide Web, the [[Semantic Web]]).
The underlying ideas of the Web can be traced as far back as 1980, when, at [[CERN]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Tim Berners-Lee]] built [[ENQUIRE]] (referring to ''[[Enquire Within Upon Everything]]'', a book he recalled from his youth). While it was rather different from the system in use today, it contained many of the same core ideas (and even some of the ideas of Berners-Lee's next project after the World Wide Web, the [[Semantic Web]]).
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal,<ref>''[http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]''</ref> which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from [[Robert Cailliau]], he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on [[November 12]], [[1990]].<ref>[http://www.w3.org/Proposal Proposal for the World Wide Web]</ref> The role model was provided by EBT's (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal,<ref>''[https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]''</ref> which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from [[Robert Cailliau]], he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on [[November 12]], [[1990]].<ref>[https://www.w3.org/Proposal Proposal for the World Wide Web]</ref> The role model was provided by EBT's (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the
Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The [[Dynatext]] system was considered, however technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within [[HyTime]]), too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged.
Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The [[Dynatext]] system was considered, however technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within [[HyTime]]), too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged.
A [[NeXTcube]] was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first [[Web server]] and also to write the first [[Web browser]], [[WorldWideWeb]], in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:<ref>[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client the [[WorldWideWeb|first Web browser]] (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] First Web pages] which described the project itself.
A [[NeXTcube]] was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first [[Web server]] and also to write the first [[Web browser]], [[WorldWideWeb]], in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:<ref>[https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client the [[WorldWideWeb|first Web browser]] (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages [https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] First Web pages] which described the project itself.
On [[August 6]], [[1991]], he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the <tt>alt.hypertext</tt> [[newsgroup]].[http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c Short summary of the World Wide Web project]</ref> This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
On [[August 6]], [[1991]], he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the <tt>alt.hypertext</tt> [[newsgroup]].[https://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c Short summary of the World Wide Web project]</ref> This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
First server outside of Europe was created at [[SLAC]] in December 1991 [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml] The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents.
First server outside of Europe was created at [[SLAC]] in December 1991 [https://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml] The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents.
The crucial underlying concept of [[hypertext]] originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University--- among others [[Ted Nelson]] and [[Andries van Dam]]--- [[Ted Nelson]]'s [[Project Xanadu]] and [[Douglas Engelbart]]'s [[NLS (computer system)|oN-Line System]] (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by [[Vannevar Bush]]'s [[microfilm]]-based "[[memex]]," which was described in the 1945 essay "[[As We May Think]]".
The crucial underlying concept of [[hypertext]] originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University--- among others [[Ted Nelson]] and [[Andries van Dam]]--- [[Ted Nelson]]'s [[Project Xanadu]] and [[Douglas Engelbart]]'s [[NLS (computer system)|oN-Line System]] (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by [[Vannevar Bush]]'s [[microfilm]]-based "[[memex]]," which was described in the 1945 essay "[[As We May Think]]".
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing Web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of [[link rot]]. Unlike predecessors such as [[HyperCard]], the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing Web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of [[link rot]]. Unlike predecessors such as [[HyperCard]], the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.
On [[April 30]], [[1993]], [[CERN]] announced<ref>[http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software]</ref> that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the [[Gopher (protocol)#Decline|Gopher]] protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular Web browser was [[ViolaWWW]], which was based upon [[HyperCard]].
On [[April 30]], [[1993]], [[CERN]] announced<ref>[https://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software]</ref> that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the [[Gopher (protocol)#Decline|Gopher]] protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular Web browser was [[ViolaWWW]], which was based upon [[HyperCard]].
Scholars generally agree, however, that the [[Mosaic (web browser)#Importance of Mosaic|turning point]] for the World Wide Web began with the introduction [http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm] Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina of the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] Web browser [http://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (NCSA-UIUC), led by [[Marc Andreessen]]. Funding for Mosaic came from the ''High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative'', a funding program initiated by then-Senator [[Al Gore]]'s ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'', also known as the ''[[Gore Bill]]''.[http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html] Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech (See [[Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology]] for more information.) Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in Web pages, and its popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] and [[Wide Area Information Servers]] (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.
Scholars generally agree, however, that the [[Mosaic (web browser)#Importance of Mosaic|turning point]] for the World Wide Web began with the introduction [https://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm] Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina of the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] Web browser [https://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (NCSA-UIUC), led by [[Marc Andreessen]]. Funding for Mosaic came from the ''High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative'', a funding program initiated by then-Senator [[Al Gore]]'s ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'', also known as the ''[[Gore Bill]]''.[https://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html] Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech (See [[Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology]] for more information.) Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in Web pages, and its popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] and [[Wide Area Information Servers]] (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) in October, 1994. It was founded at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the [[Internet]] -- and the [[European Commission]].
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) in October, 1994. It was founded at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the [[Internet]] -- and the [[European Commission]].
== Statistics ==
== Statistics ==
According to a 2001 study, there were more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the "invisible Web", or [[deep Web]].<ref>[http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value]</ref> A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages<ref>[http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the [[Surface Web|publicly indexable Web]] as of the end of January 2005. [http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/] Indexable Web Size
According to a 2001 study, there were more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the "invisible Web", or [[deep Web]].<ref>[https://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value]</ref> A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages<ref>[https://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the [[Surface Web|publicly indexable Web]] as of the end of January 2005. [https://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/] Indexable Web Size
Over 100.1 million websites operated as of March 2008. Domain Counts & Internet Statistics [http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/|publisher=Name Intelligence|accessdate=2008-03-11] Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the <code>.com</code> [[generic top-level domain]].<ref name=NI /> Among services paid for by advertising, [[Yahoo!]] could collect the most data about commercial Web users, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by [[MySpace]] with about half that potential and then by [[AOL]]-[[TimeWarner]], [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[eBay]].They Know More Than You Think [http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html]
Over 100.1 million websites operated as of March 2008. Domain Counts & Internet Statistics [https://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/|publisher=Name Intelligence|accessdate=2008-03-11] Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the <code>.com</code> [[generic top-level domain]].<ref name=NI /> Among services paid for by advertising, [[Yahoo!]] could collect the most data about commercial Web users, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by [[MySpace]] with about half that potential and then by [[AOL]]-[[TimeWarner]], [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[eBay]].They Know More Than You Think [https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html]
To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html] About 26% of websites operated outside <code>.com</code> addresses.
To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html] About 26% of websites operated outside <code>.com</code> addresses.
== Speed issues ==
== Speed issues ==
Frustration over [[congestion]] issues in the [[Internet]] infrastructure and the high [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the ''World Wide Wait''. Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of [[peering]] and [[Quality of service|QoS]] technologies. Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found on [http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html W3C].
Frustration over [[congestion]] issues in the [[Internet]] infrastructure and the high [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the ''World Wide Wait''. Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of [[peering]] and [[Quality of service|QoS]] technologies. Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found on [https://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html W3C].
Standard [[guideline]]s for ideal Web response times are (Nielsen 1999, `Designing Web Usability', page 42):
Standard [[guideline]]s for ideal Web response times are (Nielsen 1999, `Designing Web Usability', page 42):
== Security ==
== Security ==
There are numerous matters of [[computer security|security]] related to the Web. There are security risks for Web servers, their computer networks, as well as the end-users.<ref name="w3c-security">[http://www.w3.org/Security/ W3C Security Activity]</ref>
There are numerous matters of [[computer security|security]] related to the Web. There are security risks for Web servers, their computer networks, as well as the end-users.<ref name="w3c-security">[https://www.w3.org/Security/ W3C Security Activity]</ref>
See also:
See also:
The letters "www" are commonly found at the beginning of [[Web address]]es because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. So for example, the host name for a [[Web server]] is often "www"; for an [[FTP server]], "ftp"; and for a [[USENET]] [[news server]], "news" or "nntp" (after the news protocol [[NNTP]]). These host names appear as [[Domain name system|DNS]] [[subdomain]] names, as in "www.example.com".
The letters "www" are commonly found at the beginning of [[Web address]]es because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. So for example, the host name for a [[Web server]] is often "www"; for an [[FTP server]], "ftp"; and for a [[USENET]] [[news server]], "news" or "nntp" (after the news protocol [[NNTP]]). These host names appear as [[Domain name system|DNS]] [[subdomain]] names, as in "www.example.com".
This use of such prefixes is not required by any technical standard; indeed, the first Web server was at "nxoc01.cern.ch",[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html Frequently asked questions by the Press and even today many Web sites exist without a "www" prefix. The "www" prefix has no meaning in the way the main Web site is shown. The "www" prefix is simply one choice for a Web site's subdomain name.
This use of such prefixes is not required by any technical standard; indeed, the first Web server was at "nxoc01.cern.ch",[https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html Frequently asked questions by the Press and even today many Web sites exist without a "www" prefix. The "www" prefix has no meaning in the way the main Web site is shown. The "www" prefix is simply one choice for a Web site's subdomain name.
Some Web browsers will automatically try adding "www." to the beginning, and possibly ".com" to the end, of typed URLs if no host is found without them. [[Internet Explorer]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], and [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] will also prefix "<nowiki>http://www.</nowiki>" and append ".com" to the address bar contents if the Control and Enter keys are pressed simultaneously. For example, entering "example" in the address bar and then pressing either just Enter or Control+Enter will usually resolve to "<nowiki>http://www.example.com</nowiki>", depending on the exact browser version and its settings.
Some Web browsers will automatically try adding "www." to the beginning, and possibly ".com" to the end, of typed URLs if no host is found without them. [[Internet Explorer]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], and [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] will also prefix "<nowiki>https://www.</nowiki>" and append ".com" to the address bar contents if the Control and Enter keys are pressed simultaneously. For example, entering "example" in the address bar and then pressing either just Enter or Control+Enter will usually resolve to "<nowiki>https://www.example.com</nowiki>", depending on the exact browser version and its settings.
== Pronunciation of "www" ==
== Pronunciation of "www" ==
In Mandarin [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the World Wide Web is commonly translated to ''wàn wéi wǎng'' ({{lang|zh|万维网}}), which satisfies "www" and literally means "ten-thousand dimensional net"
In Mandarin [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the World Wide Web is commonly translated to ''wàn wéi wǎng'' ({{lang|zh|万维网}}), which satisfies "www" and literally means "ten-thousand dimensional net"
See [[CEDICT]] or the [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0 MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary].
See [[CEDICT]] or the [https://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0 MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary].
== See also ==
== See also ==
*{{cite paper | author=Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. | title=Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1 | publisher=Information Sciences Institute | date=June 1999 | version=Request For Comments 2616 | url=ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt}}
*{{cite paper | author=Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. | title=Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1 | publisher=Information Sciences Institute | date=June 1999 | version=Request For Comments 2616 | url=ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt}}
*{{cite paper | author=Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart | title=Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One | publisher=W3C | date=December 15, 2004 | version=Version 20041215 | url=http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/}}
*{{cite paper | author=Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart | title=Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One | publisher=W3C | date=December 15, 2004 | version=Version 20041215 | url=https://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/}}
*{{cite web | author=Polo, Luciano | title=World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis | publisher= | year=2003 | work=New Devices | url=http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/ | accessmonthday=July 31 | accessyear=2005 }}
*{{cite web | author=Polo, Luciano | title=World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis | publisher= | year=2003 | work=New Devices | url=https://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/ | accessmonthday=July 31 | accessyear=2005 }}
== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
*[https://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
*[http://www2007.org/ Official WWW conference, 2007]
*[https://www2007.org/ Official WWW conference, 2007]
**[http://www2006.org/ Official WWW conference, 2006]
**[https://www2006.org/ Official WWW conference, 2006]
*[http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/ Open Directory — Computers: Internet: Web Design and Development]
*[https://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/ Open Directory — Computers: Internet: Web Design and Development]
*[http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/ Early archive of the first Web site]
*[https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/ Early archive of the first Web site]
*[http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/ Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet]
*[https://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/ Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet]
*[http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm Living Internet] A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web.
*[https://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm Living Internet] A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ World Wide Web Size] Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web.
*[https://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ World Wide Web Size] Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.tomandmaria.com/tom/Writing/ProtocolsForProfitDRAFT.pdf Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008] Business & technological history of Web browsers, online preprint.
*[https://www.tomandmaria.com/tom/Writing/ProtocolsForProfitDRAFT.pdf Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008] Business & technological history of Web browsers, online preprint.
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Computer Science]]
[[Category: Computer Science]]
