Corpora

Text corpus, corpora

In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or textcorpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (now usually electronically stored and processed). They are used to do statistical analysis, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules on a specific universe.

A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus). Multilingual corpora that have been specially formatted for side-by-side comparison are called aligned parallel corpora.

In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of-speech tagging, or POS-tagging, in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form of tags. Another example is indicating the lemma (base) form of each word. When the language of the corpus is not a working language of the researchers who use it, interlinear glossing is used to make the annotation bilingual.

Corpora are the main knowledge base in corpus linguistics. The analysis and processing of various types of corpora are also the subject of much work in computational linguistics, speech recognition and machine translation, where they are often used to create hidden Markov models for POS-tagging and other purposes. Corpora and frequency lists derived from them are useful for language teaching.

Archaeological corpora

Text corpora are also used in the study of historical documents, for example in attempts to decipher ancient scripts, or in Biblical scholarship. Some archaeological corpora can be of such short duration that they provide a snapshot in time. One of the shortest corpora in time, may be the 15-30 year Amarna letters texts-(1350 BC). The corpus of an ancient city, (for example the "Kültepe Texts" of Turkey), may go through a series of corpora, determined by their find site dates.

Some notable text corpora

English language:

   * American National Corpus
   * Bank of English
   * British National Corpus
   * Brown Corpus
   * Helsinki Corpus
   * Longman-Lancaster Corpus
   * North American News Text corpus
   * Oxford English Corpus
   * Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech

Historical languages:

   * Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (Ancient Greek)
   * Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
   * Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
   * Amarna letters, (for Akkadian, Egyptian, Sumerogram's, etc.)

Other languages:

   * Leeds collection of Web-derived Corpora of 100-200 million words for English, Chinese, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish
   * Leipzig Corpus of 15 languages with collocation statistics
   * Red iberoamericana de terminología
   * Red panlatina de terminología
   * Corpus diacrónico del español (CORDE)
   * Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA)
   * Croatian National Corpus
   * Czech National Corpus
   * Slovak National Corpus
   * Hungarian National Corpus
   * The IPI PAN Corpus of Polish
   * Corpus of Slovenian Language
   * Bank of Swedish
   * Spoken Dutch Corpus
   * Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese
   * Persian Today Corpus
   * METU Turkish Corpus
   * Hellenic National Corpus
   * Greek corpus from journalistic and high educational discourse
   * Portuguese Corpora by Linguateca
   * Russian National Corpus

Bilingual corpora:

   * Evrokorpus English-Slovene parallel corpus
   * COMPARA Portuguese-English parallel corpus
   * EuroParl Parallel corpora including 11 European languages: Romanic (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), Germanic (English, Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish), Greek and Finnish. One of the most used corpora on Natural Language Processing.
   * JRC-Acquis The JRC-Acquis Multilingual Parallel Corpus, includes the languages: Czech, Danish, German, Greek, English, Spanish, Estonian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Maltese, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene and Swedish.

See also

   * concordance
   * corpus linguistics
   * Linguistic Data Consortium
   * natural language processing
   * Natural Language Toolkit
   * parallel text alignment
   * Search engines: they access the "web corpus".
   * translation memory
   * treebank