Changes

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69:4.1 Just as [[marriage]] by contract followed marriage by [[Conquest|capture]], so trade by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] followed seizure by raids. But a long period of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy piracy] [[intervened]] between the early [[practices]] of silent barter and the later [[trade]] by modern exchange [[methods]].

69:4.1 Just as [[marriage]] by contract followed marriage by [[Conquest|capture]], so trade by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] followed seizure by raids. But a long period of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy piracy] [[intervened]] between the early [[practices]] of silent barter and the later [[trade]] by modern exchange [[methods]].

69:4.2 The first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] was conducted by armed traders who would leave their [[Things|goods]] on a neutral spot. [[Women]] held the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market markets]; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the [[men]] were [[warriors]]. Very early the trading counter was [[developed]], a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons.

69:4.2 The first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter] was conducted by armed traders who would leave their [[Things|goods]] on a neutral spot. [[Women]] held the first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market markets]; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the [[men]] were [[warriors]]. Very early the trading counter was [[developed]], a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons.

69:4.3 A [[fetish]] was used to stand guard over the deposits of [[Things|goods]] for silent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter]. Such market places were [[secure]] against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a [[fetish]] on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously [[honest]] within their own [[tribes]] but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early [[Hebrews]] recognized a separate code of [[ethics]] in their dealings with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

69:4.3 A [[fetish]] was used to stand guard over the deposits of [[Things|goods]] for silent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter barter]. Such market places were [[secure]] against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a [[fetish]] on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously [[honest]] within their own [[tribes]] but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early [[Hebrews]] recognized a separate code of [[ethics]] in their dealings with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

69:4.4 For ages [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_barter silent barter] continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the [[sacred]] market place. These same [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_squares market squares] became the first places of [[sanctuary]] and in some countries were later known as "[[cities]] of refuge." Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and [[secure]] against [[attack]].

69:4.4 For ages [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_barter silent barter] continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the [[sacred]] market place. These same [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_squares market squares] became the first places of [[sanctuary]] and in some countries were later known as "[[cities]] of refuge." Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and [[secure]] against [[attack]].

69:4.5 The first weights were grains of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat wheat] and other [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal cereals]. The first [[Money|medium of exchange]] was a fish or a goat. Later the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow cow] became a [[unit]] of barter.

69:4.5 The first weights were grains of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat wheat] and other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal cereals]. The first [[Money|medium of exchange]] was a fish or a goat. Later the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow cow] became a [[unit]] of barter.

69:4.6 Modern [[writing]] [[originated]] in the early [[trade]] [[records]]; the first [[literature]] of man was a [[trade]]-promotion [[document]], a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt salt] advertisement. Many of the earlier [[wars]] were fought over [[natural]] deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first [[formal]] [[tribal]] [[treaty]] concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These [[treaty]] spots afforded [[opportunity]] for [[friendly]] and [[peaceful]] interchange of [[ideas]] and the intermingling of various [[tribes]].

69:4.6 Modern [[writing]] [[originated]] in the early [[trade]] [[records]]; the first [[literature]] of man was a [[trade]]-promotion [[document]], a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt salt] advertisement. Many of the earlier [[wars]] were fought over [[natural]] deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first [[formal]] [[tribal]] [[treaty]] concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These [[treaty]] spots afforded [[opportunity]] for [[friendly]] and [[peaceful]] interchange of [[ideas]] and the intermingling of various [[tribes]].

69:4.7 [[Writing]] [[progressed]] up through the [[stages]] of the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick message stick]," knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early [[symbolic]] [[alphabets]]. [[Message]] sending evolved from the [[primitive]] smoke signal up through runners, [[animal]] riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless [[communication]].

69:4.7 [[Writing]] [[progressed]] up through the [[stages]] of the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick message stick]," knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early [[symbolic]] [[alphabets]]. [[Message]] sending evolved from the [[primitive]] smoke signal up through runners, [[animal]] riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless [[communication]].

69:4.8 New [[ideas]] and better [[methods]] were carried around the [[inhabited world]] by the ancient traders. [[Commerce]], linked with [[adventure]], led to [[exploration]] and [[discovery]]. And all of these gave [[birth]] to [[transportation]]. [[Commerce]] has been the great civilizer through promoting the [[Sharing|cross-fertilization]] of [[culture]].

69:4.8 New [[ideas]] and better [[methods]] were carried around the [[inhabited world]] by the ancient traders. [[Commerce]], linked with [[adventure]], led to [[exploration]] and [[discovery]]. And all of these gave [[birth]] to [[transportation]]. [[Commerce]] has been the great civilizer through promoting the [[Sharing|cross-fertilization]] of [[culture]].