Difference between revisions of "Hybrids"
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
[[Latin]] hybrida - offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of [[human]] [[parents]] of [[different]] [[races]], half-breed. | [[Latin]] hybrida - offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of [[human]] [[parents]] of [[different]] [[races]], half-breed. | ||
− | *Date: [ | + | *Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Century 1601] |
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
*1 : an offspring of two [[animals]] or plants of [[different]] [[races]], breeds, varieties, [[species]], or genera | *1 : an offspring of two [[animals]] or plants of [[different]] [[races]], breeds, varieties, [[species]], or genera | ||
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:b : something (as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic [[circuit]]) that has two different types of components performing [[essentially]] the same [[function]] | :b : something (as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic [[circuit]]) that has two different types of components performing [[essentially]] the same [[function]] | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
− | In [[biology]] and specifically [[genetics]], '''hybrid''' has several [[meanings]], all referring to the offspring of [[sexual reproduction]]. | + | In [[biology]] and specifically [[genetics]], '''hybrid''' has several [[meanings]], all referring to the offspring of [[sexual]] [[reproduction]]. |
− | *1. In general usage, hybrid is synonymous with [ | + | *1. In general usage, hybrid is synonymous with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Heterozygote heterozygous]: any [[offspring]] resulting from the [[mating]] of two distinctly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Homozygous homozygous] [[individuals]] |
− | *2. ''a [[genetic]] hybrid'' carries two different [ | + | *2. ''a [[genetic]] hybrid'' carries two different [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele alleles] of the same gene |
*3. ''a [[structural]] hybrid'' results from the fusion of gametes that have differing [[structure]] in at least one [[chromosome]], as a result of structural abnormalities | *3. ''a [[structural]] hybrid'' results from the fusion of gametes that have differing [[structure]] in at least one [[chromosome]], as a result of structural abnormalities | ||
− | *4. ''a numerical hybrid'' results from the [[fusion]] of gametes having different [ | + | *4. ''a numerical hybrid'' results from the [[fusion]] of gametes having different [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy haploid numbers of chromosomes] |
− | *5. ''a permanent hybrid'' is a situation where only the heterozygous [ | + | *5. ''a permanent hybrid'' is a situation where only the heterozygous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype genotype] occurs, because all homozygous combinations are lethal. |
− | From a [[taxonomic]] [[perspective]], hybrid refers to [[offspring]] resulting from the interbreeding between two [[animals]] or plants of different [ | + | From a [[taxonomic]] [[perspective]], hybrid refers to [[offspring]] resulting from the interbreeding between two [[animals]] or plants of different [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon taxa]. |
− | *1. Hybrids between [[different]] [ | + | *1. Hybrids between [[different]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies subspecies] within a species (such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger) are known as ''intra-specific hybrids''. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are sometimes known as ''interspecific hybrids'' or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as ''intergeneric hybrids''. Extremely rare ''interfamilial hybrids'' have been known to occur (such as the guineafowl hybrids). No interordinal (between different orders) animal hybrids are known. |
− | *2. The second type of hybrid consists of crosses between [[populations]], [ | + | *2. The second type of hybrid consists of crosses between [[populations]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed breeds] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar cultivars] within a single [[species]]. This [[meaning]] is often used in plant and [[animal]] breeding, where hybrids are commonly produced and selected because they have desirable [[characteristics]] not found or inconsistently present in the [[parent]] [[individuals]] or [[populations]]. This [[flow]] of genetic material between [[populations]] or [[races]] is often called '''hybridization'''. |
[[Category: Biology]] | [[Category: Biology]] |
Latest revision as of 00:09, 13 December 2020
Etymology
Latin hybrida - offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of human parents of different races, half-breed.
- Date: 1601
Definitions
- 1 : an offspring of two animals or plants of different races, breeds, varieties, species, or genera
- 2 : a person whose background is a blend of two diverse cultures or traditions
- 3 a : something heterogeneous in origin or composition : composite <hybrids of complementary DNA and RNA strands> <a hybrid of medieval and Renaissance styles>
- b : something (as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic circuit) that has two different types of components performing essentially the same function
Description
In biology and specifically genetics, hybrid has several meanings, all referring to the offspring of sexual reproduction.
- 1. In general usage, hybrid is synonymous with heterozygous: any offspring resulting from the mating of two distinctly homozygous individuals
- 2. a genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene
- 3. a structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of structural abnormalities
- 4. a numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different haploid numbers of chromosomes
- 5. a permanent hybrid is a situation where only the heterozygous genotype occurs, because all homozygous combinations are lethal.
From a taxonomic perspective, hybrid refers to offspring resulting from the interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.
- 1. Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids. Extremely rare interfamilial hybrids have been known to occur (such as the guineafowl hybrids). No interordinal (between different orders) animal hybrids are known.
- 2. The second type of hybrid consists of crosses between populations, breeds or cultivars within a single species. This meaning is often used in plant and animal breeding, where hybrids are commonly produced and selected because they have desirable characteristics not found or inconsistently present in the parent individuals or populations. This flow of genetic material between populations or races is often called hybridization.