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| While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from [[professional]] psychiatrists or therapy may promote the [[process]] of [[healing]]. Grief counseling, professional support groups or educational classes, and peer-led support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In the United States, local hospice agencies may be an important first contact for those seeking bereavement support. | | While many who grieve are able to work through their loss independently, accessing additional support from [[professional]] psychiatrists or therapy may promote the [[process]] of [[healing]]. Grief counseling, professional support groups or educational classes, and peer-led support groups are primary resources available to the bereaved. In the United States, local hospice agencies may be an important first contact for those seeking bereavement support. |
| ==Stage theories and processes== | | ==Stage theories and processes== |
− | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Kübler-Ross Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross] posited sequential stages of grief including denial, [[anger]], bargaining, [[depression]], and [[acceptance]], which are commonly referred to as the "grief cycle." | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Kübler-Ross Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross] posited sequential stages of grief including denial, [[anger]], bargaining, [[depression]], and [[acceptance]], which are commonly referred to as the "grief cycle." |
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− | The stages model, which came about in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%27s 1960]s, is [[theoretical]], based on [[observation]] of people who are dying, not on [[scientific]] [[research]] into the [[experiences]] of people who have survived the death of a loved one. This [[model]] has largely been debunked because of the rigorous work of bereavement research pioneer, George Bonanno. | + | The stages model, which came about in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%27s 1960]s, is [[theoretical]], based on [[observation]] of people who are dying, not on [[scientific]] [[research]] into the [[experiences]] of people who have survived the death of a loved one. This [[model]] has largely been debunked because of the rigorous work of bereavement research pioneer, George Bonanno. |
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| In 1991, Bonanno began studying grief for the first time using rigorous, peer-reviewed scientific [[techniques]]. Until then, the field of grief was largely based on theoretical models, such as the stages model, or that of John Bowlby and Parkes, or [[Sigmund Freud]]. Bonanno's [1] many studies followed people over time who have suffered a loss: such as death of a child, a spouse, or a loved one. In none of his many studies did he find [[evidence]] that the stages exist. In large part due to his work, the stages model is now considered invalid scientifically but it remains a popular [[idea]] among the [[public]].[2] | | In 1991, Bonanno began studying grief for the first time using rigorous, peer-reviewed scientific [[techniques]]. Until then, the field of grief was largely based on theoretical models, such as the stages model, or that of John Bowlby and Parkes, or [[Sigmund Freud]]. Bonanno's [1] many studies followed people over time who have suffered a loss: such as death of a child, a spouse, or a loved one. In none of his many studies did he find [[evidence]] that the stages exist. In large part due to his work, the stages model is now considered invalid scientifically but it remains a popular [[idea]] among the [[public]].[2] |
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| Different cultures grieve in [[different]] ways, but all have ways that are vital in healthy coping with the [[death]] of a loved one.[10] | | Different cultures grieve in [[different]] ways, but all have ways that are vital in healthy coping with the [[death]] of a loved one.[10] |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
− | # http://www.tc.columbia.edu/faculty/index.htm?facid=gab38 George A. Bonanno's Columbia University Faculty Website | + | # https://www.tc.columbia.edu/faculty/index.htm?facid=gab38 George A. Bonanno's Columbia University Faculty Website |
− | # http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/basic/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0465013600 "The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells us About Life After the Loss" | + | # https://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/basic/book_detail.jsp?isbn=0465013600 "The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells us About Life After the Loss" |
− | # http://www.grief.net/Articles/Myth%20of%20Stages.pdf | + | # https://www.grief.net/Articles/Myth%20of%20Stages.pdf |
| # O'Connor MF, Irwin MR, Wellisch DK. (2009). "When grief heats up: Pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation", Neuroimage, 47: 891–896PMID 19481155 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049 | | # O'Connor MF, Irwin MR, Wellisch DK. (2009). "When grief heats up: Pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation", Neuroimage, 47: 891–896PMID 19481155 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049 |
| # Freed PJ, Yanagihara TK, Hirsch J, Mann JJ. (2009). Neural mechanisms of grief regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 66(1):33-40. PMID 19249748 | | # Freed PJ, Yanagihara TK, Hirsch J, Mann JJ. (2009). Neural mechanisms of grief regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 66(1):33-40. PMID 19249748 |