| *1: action, inclination, or thought based only on natural desires and instincts | | *1: action, inclination, or thought based only on natural desires and instincts |
− | * ''Methodological naturalism'' (or ''scientific naturalism'') which focuses on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology epistemology]: This stance is concerned with [[knowledge]]: what are [[methods]] for gaining trustworthy knowledge of the natural world? It is an epistemological view that is specifically concerned with [[practical]] [[methods]] for acquiring knowledge, irrespective of one's [[metaphysical]] or [[religious]] views. It requires that [[hypotheses]] be [[explained]] and tested only by [[reference]] to natural [[causes]] and [[events]]. Explanations of observable [[effects]] are [[considered]] to be practical and useful only when they hypothesize natural [[causes]] (i.e., specific [[mechanisms]], not indeterminate [[miracles]]). Methodological naturalism is the principle underlying all of [[modern]] [[science]]. Some philosophers extend this idea, to varying extents, to all of [[philosophy]] too. [[Science]] and [[philosophy]], according to this view, are said to form a [[continuum]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.V._Quine W.V. Quine], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana George Santayana], and other philosophers have advocated this view. | + | * ''Methodological naturalism'' (or ''scientific naturalism'') which focuses on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology epistemology]: This stance is concerned with [[knowledge]]: what are [[methods]] for gaining trustworthy knowledge of the natural world? It is an epistemological view that is specifically concerned with [[practical]] [[methods]] for acquiring knowledge, irrespective of one's [[metaphysical]] or [[religious]] views. It requires that [[hypotheses]] be [[explained]] and tested only by [[reference]] to natural [[causes]] and [[events]]. Explanations of observable [[effects]] are [[considered]] to be practical and useful only when they hypothesize natural [[causes]] (i.e., specific [[mechanisms]], not indeterminate [[miracles]]). Methodological naturalism is the principle underlying all of [[modern]] [[science]]. Some philosophers extend this idea, to varying extents, to all of [[philosophy]] too. [[Science]] and [[philosophy]], according to this view, are said to form a [[continuum]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.V._Quine W.V. Quine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana George Santayana], and other philosophers have advocated this view. |
− | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism Metaphysical naturalism], (or ontological naturalism or philosophical naturalism) which [[focuses]] on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology ontology]: This stance is concerned with [[existence]]: what does exist and what does not exist? Naturalism is the metaphysical position that "[[nature]] is all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_%28philosophy%29] | + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism Metaphysical naturalism], (or ontological naturalism or philosophical naturalism) which [[focuses]] on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology ontology]: This stance is concerned with [[existence]]: what does exist and what does not exist? Naturalism is the metaphysical position that "[[nature]] is all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature."[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_%28philosophy%29] |