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− | C Manual for "Gateway Experience Wave VI - Odyssey (Journey to Focus 21)", 2004, The Monroe Institute, pp. 10–11
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− | # The Frank Kepple Phasing Resource (detailed treatment of Monroe's phasing model of OBE-related states)
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− | ^ Greyson, Bruce. Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population. Psychiatr Serv 54:1649–1651, December 2003
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− | ^ Mauro, James. Bright lights, big Mystery. Psychology Today, Jul 92
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− | ^ Green, C.E. (1968). Out-of-the-Body Experiences. London: Hamish Hamilton.
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− | ^ De Ridder D, Van Laere K, Dupont P, Menovsky T, Van de Heyning P. Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1829–33.
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− | ^ Irwin, H.J. (1985). Flight of Mind: a psychological study of the out-of-body experience. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press.
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− | ^ Green C.E. (1968). Out-of-the-Body Experiences. London: Hamish Hamilton.
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− | ^ McCreery, C. (1997). Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis. In Claridge, G. (ed.): Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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− | ^ McCreery, C. (2008). Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis. Psychological Paper No. 2008–1. Oxford: Oxford Forum. Online PDF
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− | ^ Oswald, I. (1962). Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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− | ^ van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) "Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands", Lancet, December 15; 358(9298):2039–45.
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− | ^ Van Lommel, Pim (Hospital Rijnstate),"A Reply to Shermer: Medical Evidence for NDEs" in Skeptical Investigations,2003. http://www.skepticalinvestigations.org/whoswho/vanLommel.htm
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− | ^ http://www.skeptic.com/nde.html.
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− | ^ Toronto Star, March 16, 2003
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− | ^ Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127(Pt 2), 243–258.
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− | ^ Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature, 419(6904), 269–270.
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− | ^ Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience at Ecole Polytechnique Federeale de Lausanne: http://lnco.epfl.ch/
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− | ^ Out-of-Body Experiences: All in the Brain? By Jan Holden, EdD, Jeff Long, MD, and Jason MacLurg, MD Vital Signs Volume 21, Number 3
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− | ^ Blanke, O., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Brugger, P., Seeck, M., et al. (2005). Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental own-body imagery at the temporoparietal junction. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(3); doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005.[2]
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− | ^ Arzy, S., Thut, G., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., & Blanke, O. (2006). Neural basis of embodiment: Distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(31), 8074–8081.
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− | ^ Blanke, O., & Arzy, S. (2005). The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction. Neuroscientist, 11(1), 16–24
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− | ^ Lenggenhager et al. 2007. Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness. Science 317:1096–1099 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143439
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− | ^ Michael Persinger's research on YouTube presented by Michael Shermer
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− | ^ Persinger, Michael M. (2001). The neuropsychiatry of paranormal experiences Neuropsychiatric Practice and Opinion, 13(4), 521–522.
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− | ^ Ehrsson, H.H. 2007. The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences. Science 317:1048 DOI: 10.1126/science.1142175
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− | ^ First out-of-body experience induced in laboratory setting, August 23 2007, EurekAlert!
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− | ^ The Out-of-Body Electric, August 23 2007, Daniel Engber, Slate
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− | ^ First OBE Experiment Was In 1966, September 21 2007, Nelson Abreu, Medical News Today
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− | ^ news.bbc.co.uk, Study into near-death experiences
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− | ^ http://parapsych.org/historical_terms.html entry on Astral body in the Historical Terms Glossary from the website of the Parapsychological Association, retrieved August 26, 2007
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− | ^ Michael B. Sabom. Light & death: one doctor's fascinating account of near-death experiences, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1998. ISBN 0310219922. This account is summarized in People Have NDEs While Brain Dead. Accessed 2008-06-03.
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− | ^ Blackmore, Susan (1993). Dying to Live: Near-Death Experiences. Prometheus Books.
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− | [edit]References
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− | Buhlman, William. "Adventures Beyond the Body: Astral Projection". ISBN 0062513710 | + | An '''out-of-body experience''' (OBE or sometimes OOBE), is an [[experience]] that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's [[body]] and, in some cases, perceiving one's [[physical]] body from a place outside one's body (autoscopy). The term out-of-the-body experience was introduced in 1943 by G.N.M Tyrrell in his book ''Apparitions'',[1] and adopted by, for example, Celia Green[2] and [[Robert Monroe]][3] as a bias-free alternative to [[belief]]-centric labels such as "astral projection" or "spirit walking". Though the term usefully distances [[research]]ers from scientifically problematic [[concepts]] such as the [[soul]], scientists still know little about the [[phenomenon]].[4] |
− | Review of the tome "Projectiology: A Panorama of Experiences Outside the Human Body" by Waldo Vieira, MD Journal of Parapsychology | + | |
− | Tart, Charles (1997). "Six Studies of Out-of-the-Body Experiences" Journal of Near Death Studies | + | One in ten people has an out-of-body experience at some time in their lives.[5] OBEs are often part of the [[near-death experience]], and reportedly may also lead to [[astral projection]]. Those who have experienced OBEs sometimes claim to have observed details which were unknown to them beforehand.[6] |
− | Monroe, Robert. (1971). Doubleday Journeys Out of the Body. reprinted (1989) Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0285627536 | + | |
− | Monroe, Robert. (1985). Far Journeys. Doubleday. reprinted (1992) Main Street Books. ISBN 978-0385231824 | + | In some cases the [[phenomenon]] appears to occur [[spontaneously]]; in others it is associated with a [[physical]] or [[mental]] [[trauma]], use of [[psychedelic]] drugs, dissociative drugs, or a [[dream]]-like [[state]]. Many [[technique]]s aiming to induce the [[experience]] deliberately have been developed,[7] for example visualization while in a relaxed, meditative state. Recent (2007) studies have shown that experiences somewhat similar to OBEs can be induced by direct [[brain]] stimulation. Some of those who experience OBEs claimed to have willed themselves out of their bodies, while others report having found themselves being pulled from their bodies (usually preceded by a feeling of paralysis). In other accounts, the feeling of being outside the body was suddenly realized after the [[fact]], and the experiencers saw their own bodies almost by [[accident]].[8] OBEs often occur during the borderline stage between REM sleep and arousal when sleep paralysis may persist and dream imagery may mingle with sensory input. |
− | Monroe, Robert. (1994). Ultimate Journey. Doubleday. reprinted (1996) Main Street Books. ISBN 978-0385472081 | + | |
− | Leland, Kurt. (2001). Otherwhere: A Field Guide to Nonphysical Reality for the Out-of-Body Traveler. Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 978-1571742414 | + | Some neurologists have suspected that the [[event]] is triggered by a mismatch between visual and tactile signals. They used a [[virtual]] [[reality]] setup to recreate an OBE. The subject looked through goggles and saw his own body as it would appear to an outside observer standing behind him. The [[experiment]]er then touched the subject at the same time as a rod appeared to touch the virtual image. The experiment created an [[illusion]] of being behind and outside one's body. However, critics point out that it is uncertain how this relates to the OBE phenomenon.[9] |
− | Leland, Kurt. (2002). The Unanswered Question: Death, Near-Death, and the Afterlife. Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 978-1571742995 | + | ==References== |
| + | |
| + | *Buhlman, William. "Adventures Beyond the Body: Astral Projection". ISBN 0062513710 |
| + | Review of the tome "Projectiology: A Panorama of Experiences Outside the Human Body" by *Waldo Vieira, MD Journal of Parapsychology |
| + | *Tart, Charles (1997). "Six Studies of Out-of-the-Body Experiences" Journal of Near Death Studies |
| + | *Monroe, Robert. (1971). Doubleday Journeys Out of the Body. reprinted (1989) Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0285627536 |
| + | *Monroe, Robert. (1985). Far Journeys. Doubleday. reprinted (1992) Main Street Books. ISBN 978-0385231824 |
| + | *Monroe, Robert. (1994). Ultimate Journey. Doubleday. reprinted (1996) Main Street Books. ISBN 978-0385472081 |
| + | *Leland, Kurt. (2001). Otherwhere: A Field Guide to Nonphysical Reality for the Out-of-Body Traveler. Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 978-1571742414 |
| + | *Leland, Kurt. (2002). The Unanswered Question: Death, Near-Death, and the Afterlife. Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 978-1571742995 |
| == External links == | | == External links == |
| * [http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/0823out_of_body.shtml OBE in the science mainstream news] | | * [http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/0823out_of_body.shtml OBE in the science mainstream news] |