Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

French ''népotisme'', from Italian ''nepotismo'', from ''nepote'' nephew, from [[Latin]] ''nepot''-, ''nepos'' grandson, nephew

French ''népotisme'', from Italian ''nepotismo'', from ''nepote'' nephew, from [[Latin]] ''nepot''-, ''nepos'' grandson, nephew

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century 1670]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century 1670]

The term comes from Italian word ''nepotismo'', which is based on Latin root ''nepos'' meaning nephew. In the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] some Catholic popes and bishops, who had taken [[vows]] of [[chastity]], and therefore usually had no legitimate offspring of their own, gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by [[fathers]] to son.

The term comes from Italian word ''nepotismo'', which is based on Latin root ''nepos'' meaning nephew. In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] some Catholic popes and bishops, who had taken [[vows]] of [[chastity]], and therefore usually had no legitimate offspring of their own, gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by [[fathers]] to son.

Several popes elevated nephews and other relatives to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism) cardinalate]. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty". For instance, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III Pope Callixtus III], head of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia Borgia family], made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI]. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III Pope Paul III].

Several popes elevated nephews and other relatives to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism) cardinalate]. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty". For instance, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III Pope Callixtus III], head of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia Borgia family], made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI]. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III Pope Paul III].

Paul also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally ended when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII Pope Innocent XII] issued the bull ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanum_decet_Pontificem Romanum decet Pontificem]'', in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.

Paul also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally ended when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII Pope Innocent XII] issued the bull ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanum_decet_Pontificem Romanum decet Pontificem]'', in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.

==Definition==

==Definition==

*1: favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on [[kinship]]

*1: favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on [[kinship]]

'''Nepotism''' is favoritism granted in [[politics]] or [[business]] to relatives. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to cardinal positions by Catholic popes and bishops. Nepotism is found in the fields of politics, [[entertainment]], business and [[religion]].

'''Nepotism''' is favoritism granted in [[politics]] or [[business]] to relatives. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to cardinal positions by Catholic popes and bishops. Nepotism is found in the fields of politics, [[entertainment]], business and [[religion]].

Nepotism at work can mean increased [[opportunity]] at a job, attaining the job or being paid more than other similarly situated people. [[Arguments]] are made both for and against employment granted due to a [[family]] connection, which is most common in small, family run businesses. On one hand, ''nepotism'' can provide [[stability]] and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and [[commitment]] from non-related employees, and a generally [[negative]] [[attitude]] towards superior positions filled through ''nepotism''. An article from ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes Forbes]]'' magazine stated "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."

Nepotism at work can mean increased [[opportunity]] at a job, attaining the job or being paid more than other similarly situated people. [[Arguments]] are made both for and against employment granted due to a [[family]] connection, which is most common in small, family run businesses. On one hand, ''nepotism'' can provide [[stability]] and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and [[commitment]] from non-related employees, and a generally [[negative]] [[attitude]] towards superior positions filled through ''nepotism''. An article from ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes Forbes]]'' magazine stated "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."

[[Category: Politics]]

[[Category: Politics]]