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70:5.1 Every [[human]] [[institution]] had a beginning, and civil [[government]] is a product of [[progressive]] [[evolution]] just as much as are [[marriage]], [[industry]], and [[religion]]. From the early [[clans]] and [[primitive]] [[tribes]] there [[gradually]] [[developed]] the [[successive]] [[orders]] of human [[government]] which have come and gone right on down to those forms of [[social]] and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century twentieth century].

70:5.1 Every [[human]] [[institution]] had a beginning, and civil [[government]] is a product of [[progressive]] [[evolution]] just as much as are [[marriage]], [[industry]], and [[religion]]. From the early [[clans]] and [[primitive]] [[tribes]] there [[gradually]] [[developed]] the [[successive]] [[orders]] of human [[government]] which have come and gone right on down to those forms of [[social]] and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century twentieth century].

70:5.2 With the [[gradual]] [[emergence]] of the [[family]] [[units]] the [[foundations]] of [[government]] were [[established]] in the [[clan]] [[organization]], the grouping of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguineous consanguineous] [[families]]. The first real [[governmental]] body was the [[council]] of the elders. This regulative [[group]] was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some [[efficient]] [[manner]]. [[Wisdom]] and [[experience]] were early [[appreciated]] even by [[barbaric]] man, and there ensued a long age of the [[domination]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_%28administrative_title%29 elders]. This reign of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy oligarchy] of age gradually grew into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal patriarchal] [[idea]].

70:5.2 With the [[gradual]] [[emergence]] of the [[family]] [[units]] the [[foundations]] of [[government]] were [[established]] in the [[clan]] [[organization]], the grouping of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguineous consanguineous] [[families]]. The first real [[governmental]] body was the [[council]] of the elders. This regulative [[group]] was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some [[efficient]] [[manner]]. [[Wisdom]] and [[experience]] were early [[appreciated]] even by [[barbaric]] man, and there ensued a long age of the [[domination]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_%28administrative_title%29 elders]. This reign of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy oligarchy] of age gradually grew into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal patriarchal] [[idea]].

70:5.3 In the early [[council]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_%28administrative_title%29 elders] there resided the [[potential]] of all [[governmental]] [[functions]]: [[executive]], [[legislative]], and [[judicial]]. When the [[council]] [[interpreted]] the current [[mores]], it was a [[court]]; when establishing new modes of [[social]] usage, it was a [[legislature]]; to the extent that such [[decrees]] and enactments were enforced, it was the [[executive]]. The chairman of the [[council]] was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief.

70:5.3 In the early [[council]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_%28administrative_title%29 elders] there resided the [[potential]] of all [[governmental]] [[functions]]: [[executive]], [[legislative]], and [[judicial]]. When the [[council]] [[interpreted]] the current [[mores]], it was a [[court]]; when establishing new modes of [[social]] usage, it was a [[legislature]]; to the extent that such [[decrees]] and enactments were enforced, it was the [[executive]]. The chairman of the [[council]] was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief.

70:5.4 Some [[tribes]] had [[female]] [[councils]], and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of [[Onamonalonton]] in following the unanimous rule of the "council of seven."

70:5.4 Some [[tribes]] had [[female]] [[councils]], and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of [[Onamonalonton]] in following the unanimous rule of the "council of seven."

70:5.5 It has been hard for [[mankind]] to learn that neither [[peace]] nor [[war]] can be run by a [[debating]] [[society]]. The primitive "[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/palavers palavers]" were seldom useful. The [[race]] early learned that an army commanded by a [[group]] of [[clan]] heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. [[War]] has always been a kingmaker.

70:5.5 It has been hard for [[mankind]] to learn that neither [[peace]] nor [[war]] can be run by a [[debating]] [[society]]. The primitive "[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/palavers palavers]" were seldom useful. The [[race]] early learned that an army commanded by a [[group]] of [[clan]] heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. [[War]] has always been a kingmaker.

70:5.6 At first the war chiefs were chosen only for [[military]] [[service]], and they would relinquish some of their [[authority]] during peacetimes, when their [[duties]] were of a more [[social]] [[nature]]. But [[gradually]] they began to encroach upon the [[peace]] intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of [[peace]].

70:5.6 At first the war chiefs were chosen only for [[military]] [[service]], and they would relinquish some of their [[authority]] during peacetimes, when their [[duties]] were of a more [[social]] [[nature]]. But [[gradually]] they began to encroach upon the [[peace]] intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of [[peace]].

70:5.7 In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than [[military]] [[service]], being selected because of unusual [[physique]] or outstanding [[personal]] [[abilities]]. The red men often had two sets of chiefs—the [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sachems sachems], or [[peace]] chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also [[judges]] and [[teachers]].

70:5.7 In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than [[military]] [[service]], being selected because of unusual [[physique]] or outstanding [[personal]] [[abilities]]. The red men often had two sets of chiefs—the [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sachems sachems], or [[peace]] chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also [[judges]] and [[teachers]].

70:5.8 Some early [[communities]] were ruled by [[medicine men]], who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as [[priest]], [[physician]], and [[chief executive]]. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the [[symbols]] or emblems of [[priestly]] [[dress]].

70:5.8 Some early [[communities]] were ruled by [[medicine men]], who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as [[priest]], [[physician]], and [[chief executive]]. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the [[symbols]] or emblems of [[priestly]] [[dress]].