Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''prouynen'', probably ultimately from Old French ''prooignier'', alteration of ''porrooignier'', from ''por''- completely (from Latin pro-) + ''rooignier'' to cut, prune, from Vulgar Latin ''rotundiare'' to cut around, from Latin ''rotundus'' round

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''prouynen'', probably ultimately from Old French ''prooignier'', alteration of ''porrooignier'', from ''por''- completely (from Latin pro-) + ''rooignier'' to cut, prune, from Vulgar Latin ''rotundiare'' to cut around, from Latin ''rotundus'' round

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century 15th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century 15th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a : to reduce especially by eliminating superfluous matter <pruned the [[text]]> <prune the budget>

*1a : to reduce especially by eliminating superfluous matter <pruned the [[text]]> <prune the budget>

*2: to cut off or cut back parts of for better [[shape]] or more fruitful [[growth]] <prune the branches>  

*2: to cut off or cut back parts of for better [[shape]] or more fruitful [[growth]] <prune the branches>  

==Description==

==Description==

'''Pruning''' is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticultural] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviculture silvicultural] [[practice]] involving the selective removal of parts of a [[plant]], such as branches, buds, or roots. Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by [[controlling]] or directing [[growth]]), improving or maintaining [[health]], reducing risk from falling branches, [[preparing]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nursery nursery] specimens for transplanting, and both [[harvesting]] and increasing the yield or [[quality]] of flowers and fruits. The practice entails targeted removal of diseased, damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted tissue from crop and landscape [[plants]]. Specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose#Pruning roses], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning fruit trees], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture#Pruning grapevines]. Different pruning [[techniques]] may be deployed on herbaceous plants than those used on perennial woody plants. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge Hedges], by design, are usually (but not exclusively) maintained by hedge trimming, rather than by pruning.

'''Pruning''' is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticultural] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviculture silvicultural] [[practice]] involving the selective removal of parts of a [[plant]], such as branches, buds, or roots. Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by [[controlling]] or directing [[growth]]), improving or maintaining [[health]], reducing risk from falling branches, [[preparing]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nursery nursery] specimens for transplanting, and both [[harvesting]] and increasing the yield or [[quality]] of flowers and fruits. The practice entails targeted removal of diseased, damaged, dead, non-productive, structurally unsound, or otherwise unwanted tissue from crop and landscape [[plants]]. Specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose#Pruning roses], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning fruit trees], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture#Pruning grapevines]. Different pruning [[techniques]] may be deployed on herbaceous plants than those used on perennial woody plants. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge Hedges], by design, are usually (but not exclusively) maintained by hedge trimming, rather than by pruning.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborist Arborists], orchardists, and gardeners use various garden tools and tree cutting tools designed for the [[purpose]], such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pruners hand pruners], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppers loppers], or chainsaws. In nature, meteorological conditions such as wind, ice and snow, and salinity can cause plants to self-prune. This natural shedding is called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission abscission].

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arborist Arborists], orchardists, and gardeners use various garden tools and tree cutting tools designed for the [[purpose]], such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pruners hand pruners], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppers loppers], or chainsaws. In nature, meteorological conditions such as wind, ice and snow, and salinity can cause plants to self-prune. This natural shedding is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscission abscission].

In general, the smaller the branch that is cut, the easier it is for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant woody plant] to compartmentalize the wound and thus limit the potential for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen pathogen] intrusion and decay. It is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to young plants, when possible, rather than removing large, poorly placed branches from [[mature]] plants.

In general, the smaller the branch that is cut, the easier it is for a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant woody plant] to compartmentalize the wound and thus limit the potential for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen pathogen] intrusion and decay. It is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to young plants, when possible, rather than removing large, poorly placed branches from [[mature]] plants.

The general rule of pruning is to always cut in a location where growth will occur, whether the cut is next to a bud or another branch. Cutting a branch beyond where [[growth]] will occur will prevent the plant from forming a callus over the cut surface, which in turn will invite insects and [[infection]]. It effectively kills all portions of that branch back to the closest branch, bud, or dormant bud clusters, leaving a stub of dead wood. The withered stub will [[eventually]] rot away and fall off. All cuts should be relatively smooth since this will aid in [[healing]].

The general rule of pruning is to always cut in a location where growth will occur, whether the cut is next to a bud or another branch. Cutting a branch beyond where [[growth]] will occur will prevent the plant from forming a callus over the cut surface, which in turn will invite insects and [[infection]]. It effectively kills all portions of that branch back to the closest branch, bud, or dormant bud clusters, leaving a stub of dead wood. The withered stub will [[eventually]] rot away and fall off. All cuts should be relatively smooth since this will aid in [[healing]].

Also, the pruning cut should not be too large when [[compared]] to the growing point. For instance, a large cut on a 20 cm trunk down to a 15 cm branch should be fine, but the same cut to the trunk down to a 1 cm twig or bud is considerably less [[ideal]] and should be avoided if possible.

Also, the pruning cut should not be too large when [[compared]] to the growing point. For instance, a large cut on a 20 cm trunk down to a 15 cm branch should be fine, but the same cut to the trunk down to a 1 cm twig or bud is considerably less [[ideal]] and should be avoided if possible.

Pruning small branches can be done at any time of year. Large branches, with more than 5-10% of the plant's crown, can be pruned either during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy dormancy] in [[winter]], or, for species where winter frost can harm a recently-pruned plant, in mid summer just after flowering. [[Autumn]] should be avoided, as the spores of disease and decay [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi] are [[abundant]] at this time of year.

Pruning small branches can be done at any time of year. Large branches, with more than 5-10% of the plant's crown, can be pruned either during [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy dormancy] in [[winter]], or, for species where winter frost can harm a recently-pruned plant, in mid summer just after flowering. [[Autumn]] should be avoided, as the spores of disease and decay [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi] are [[abundant]] at this time of year.

Some woody plants that tend to bleed profusely from cuts, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple maples], or which callous over slowly, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia magnolias], are better pruned in [[summer]] or at the onset of dormancy instead. Woody plants that flower early in the season, on spurs that form on wood that has matured the year before, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple apples], should be pruned right after flowering, as later pruning will [[sacrifice]] flowers the following [[season]]. Forsythia, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalea azaleas] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilac lilacs] all fall into this category.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning

Some woody plants that tend to bleed profusely from cuts, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple maples], or which callous over slowly, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia magnolias], are better pruned in [[summer]] or at the onset of dormancy instead. Woody plants that flower early in the season, on spurs that form on wood that has matured the year before, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple apples], should be pruned right after flowering, as later pruning will [[sacrifice]] flowers the following [[season]]. Forsythia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalea azaleas] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilac lilacs] all fall into this category.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning

[[Category: Botany]]

[[Category: Botany]]