Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | [[Image:lightestill.jpg]] | + | [[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:My_Brain_on_Art_2.jpg|right|frame]] |
| | | |
| The '''brain''' is the center of the [[nervous system]] in all vertebrate, and the majority of invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the [[skull]] and close to the primary sensory apparatus of [[vision]], [[hearing]], balance, [[taste]], and [[smell]]. | | The '''brain''' is the center of the [[nervous system]] in all vertebrate, and the majority of invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the [[skull]] and close to the primary sensory apparatus of [[vision]], [[hearing]], balance, [[taste]], and [[smell]]. |
Line 73: |
Line 73: |
| | | |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
− | * Abbott, LF (2001). Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262541855. http://books.google.com/books?id=hrZYAAAACAAJ. | + | * Abbott, LF (2001). Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262541855. [http://books.google.com/books?id=hrZYAAAACAAJ]. |
− | * Aboitiz, F; Morales D, Montiel J (2003). "The evolutionary origin of the mammalian isocortex: Towards an integrated developmental and functional approach.". Behav Brain Sci 26: 535–52. doi:10.1017/S0140525X03000128. PMID 15179935. http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Aboitiz/Referees/. | + | * Aboitiz, F; Morales D, Montiel J (2003). "The evolutionary origin of the mammalian isocortex: Towards an integrated developmental and functional approach.". Behav Brain Sci 26: 535–52. doi:10.1017/S0140525X03000128. . [http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Aboitiz/Referees/]. |
− | * Antle, MC; Silver R (2005). "Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock." (PDF). Trends Neurosci 28: 145–51. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.003. PMID 15749168. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/silver/publications2/149%20antle%20et%20al.pdf. | + | * Antle, MC; Silver R (2005). "Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock." (PDF). Trends Neurosci 28: 145–51. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.003. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/silver/publications2/149%20antle%20et%20al.pdf]. |
| * Armstrong, E (1983). "Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals.". Science 220: 1302–4. doi:10.1126/science.6407108. PMID 6407108. | | * Armstrong, E (1983). "Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals.". Science 220: 1302–4. doi:10.1126/science.6407108. PMID 6407108. |
− | * Balavoine, G; Adoutte A (2003). "The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario.". Int Comp Biology 43: 137–47. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.137. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/43/1/137. | + | * Balavoine, G; Adoutte A (2003). "The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario.". Int Comp Biology 43: 137–47. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.137. [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/43/1/137]. |
| * Barton, RA; Harvey PH (2000). "Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals.". Nature 405: 1055–8. doi:10.1038/35016580. PMID 10890446. | | * Barton, RA; Harvey PH (2000). "Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals.". Nature 405: 1055–8. doi:10.1038/35016580. PMID 10890446. |
| * Bloom, FE (1975). Schmidt FO, Worden FG, Swazey JP, Adelman G. ed. The Neurosciences, Paths of Discovery. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262230728. | | * Bloom, FE (1975). Schmidt FO, Worden FG, Swazey JP, Adelman G. ed. The Neurosciences, Paths of Discovery. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262230728. |
− | * Butler, AB (2000). "Chordate Evolution and the Origin of Craniates: An Old Brain in a New Head.". Anat Rec 261: 111–25. doi:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10867629. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/72508482/abstract. | + | * Butler, AB (2000). "Chordate Evolution and the Origin of Craniates: An Old Brain in a New Head.". Anat Rec 261: 111–25. doi:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 10867629. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/72508482/abstract]. |
− | * Calvin, WH (1996). How Brains Think. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465072781. http://books.google.com/books?id=z1r03ECL5A8C. | + | * Calvin, WH (1996). How Brains Think. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465072781. [http://books.google.com/books?id=z1r03ECL5A8C]. |
− | * Carew, TJ (2000). Behavioral Neurobiology: the Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878930920. http://books.google.com/books?id=wEMTGwAACAAJ. | + | * Carew, TJ (2000). Behavioral Neurobiology: the Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878930920. [http://books.google.com/books?id=wEMTGwAACAAJ]. |
− | * Curchland, PS (1989). Neurophilosophy. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262530859. http://books.google.com/books?id=hAeFMFW3rDUC. | + | * Curchland, PS (1989). Neurophilosophy. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262530859. [http://books.google.com/books?id=hAeFMFW3rDUC]. |
| * Clark, DD; Sokoloff L (1999). Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD. ed. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 637–70. ISBN 9780397518203. | | * Clark, DD; Sokoloff L (1999). Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD. ed. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 637–70. ISBN 9780397518203. |
− | * Cooper, JR; Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195140088. http://books.google.com/books?id=e5I5gOwxVMkC. | + | * Cooper, JR; Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 9780195140088. [http://books.google.com/books?id=e5I5gOwxVMkC]. |
− | * Dowling, JE (2001). Neurons and Networks. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674004627. http://books.google.com/books?id=adeUwgfwdKwC. | + | * Dowling, JE (2001). Neurons and Networks. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674004627. [http://books.google.com/books?id=adeUwgfwdKwC]. |
− | * Finger, S (2001). Origins of Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195146943. http://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E1IB4C. | + | * Finger, S (2001). Origins of Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195146943. [http://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E1IB4C]. |
− | * Finlay, BL; Darlington RB, Nicastro N (2001). "Developmental structure in brain evolution." (PDF). Behav Brain Sci 20: 263–308. PMID 11530543. http://anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTJR/pdf/BBS.pdf. | + | * Finlay, BL; Darlington RB, Nicastro N (2001). "Developmental structure in brain evolution." (PDF). Behav Brain Sci 20: 263–308. PMID 11530543. [http://anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTJR/pdf/BBS.pdf]. |
− | * Gehring, WJ (2005). "New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors: The Evolution of Eyes and Brain." (Full text). J Heredity 96: 171–184. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi027. PMID 15653558. http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/3/171. Retrieved on 26 April 2008. | + | * Gehring, WJ (2005). "New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors: The Evolution of Eyes and Brain." (Full text). J Heredity 96: 171–184. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi027. PMID 15653558. [http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/3/171]. Retrieved on 26 April 2008. |
| * Grillner, S; Hellgren J, Ménard A, Saitoh K, Wikström MA (2005). "Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs—roles for the striatum and pallidum.". Trends Neurosci 28: 364–70. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.05.004. PMID 15935487. | | * Grillner, S; Hellgren J, Ménard A, Saitoh K, Wikström MA (2005). "Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs—roles for the striatum and pallidum.". Trends Neurosci 28: 364–70. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.05.004. PMID 15935487. |
| * Grillner, S; Wallén P (2002). "Cellular bases of a vertebrate locomotor system-steering, intersegmental and segmental co-ordination and sensory control.". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 40: 92–106. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00193-5. PMID 12589909. | | * Grillner, S; Wallén P (2002). "Cellular bases of a vertebrate locomotor system-steering, intersegmental and segmental co-ordination and sensory control.". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 40: 92–106. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00193-5. PMID 12589909. |
Line 95: |
Line 95: |
| * Hart, WD (1996). Guttenplan S. ed. A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell. pp. 265–7. | | * Hart, WD (1996). Guttenplan S. ed. A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell. pp. 265–7. |
| * Hendrickson, R (2000). The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816040889. | | * Hendrickson, R (2000). The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816040889. |
− | * Hippocrates (400 B.C.E.). On the Sacred Disease. http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html. | + | * Hippocrates (400 B.C.E.). On the Sacred Disease. [http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html]. |
| * Hobert, O (2005), "Specification of the nervous system", in The C. elegans Research Community, Wormbook, doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.12.1 | | * Hobert, O (2005), "Specification of the nervous system", in The C. elegans Research Community, Wormbook, doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.12.1 |
− | * Jerison, HJ (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123852502. http://books.google.com/books?id=xTpDAAAACAAJ. | + | * Jerison, HJ (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123852502. [http://books.google.com/books?id=xTpDAAAACAAJ]. |
− | * Jones, EG (1985). The Thalamus. Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306418563. http://books.google.com/books?id=WMxqAAAAMAAJ. | + | * Jones, EG (1985). The Thalamus. Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306418563. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WMxqAAAAMAAJ]. |
| * Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessel TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011. | | * Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessel TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011. |
− | * Kandel, ER (2007). In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind. WW Norton. ISBN 9780393329377. http://books.google.com/books?id=LURy5gojaDoC. | + | * Kandel, ER (2007). In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind. WW Norton. ISBN 9780393329377. [http://books.google.com/books?id=LURy5gojaDoC]. |
| * Konopka, RJ; Benzer S (1971). "Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.". PNAS 68: 2112–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.9.2112. PMID 5002428. | | * Konopka, RJ; Benzer S (1971). "Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.". PNAS 68: 2112–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.9.2112. PMID 5002428. |
| * Lacey, A (1996). A Dictionary of Philosophy. Routledge. | | * Lacey, A (1996). A Dictionary of Philosophy. Routledge. |
| * Nickel, M; Vitello M, Brümmer F (2002). "Dynamics and cellular movements in the locomotion of the sponge Tethya wilhelma.". Integr Comp Biol 42: 1285. | | * Nickel, M; Vitello M, Brümmer F (2002). "Dynamics and cellular movements in the locomotion of the sponge Tethya wilhelma.". Integr Comp Biol 42: 1285. |
− | * Northcutt, RG (1981). "Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals.". Ann Rev Neurosci 4: 301–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505. PMID 7013637. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505. | + | * Northcutt, RG (1981). "Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals.". Ann Rev Neurosci 4: 301–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505. PMID 7013637. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505]. |
| * Northcutt, RG (2008). "Forebrain evolution in bony fishes.". Brain Res Bull 75: 191–205. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.058. PMID 18331871. | | * Northcutt, RG (2008). "Forebrain evolution in bony fishes.". Brain Res Bull 75: 191–205. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.058. PMID 18331871. |
− | * Parent, A; Carpenter MB (1995). Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780683067521. http://books.google.com/books?id=IJ5pAAAAMAAJ. | + | * Parent, A; Carpenter MB (1995). Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780683067521. [http://books.google.com/books?id=IJ5pAAAAMAAJ]. |
| * Paus, T; Collins DL, Evans AC, Leonard G, Pike B, Zijdenbos A (2001). "Maturation of white matter in the human brain: a review of magnetic resonance studies.". Brain Res Bull 54: 255–66. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00434-2. PMID 11287130. | | * Paus, T; Collins DL, Evans AC, Leonard G, Pike B, Zijdenbos A (2001). "Maturation of white matter in the human brain: a review of magnetic resonance studies.". Brain Res Bull 54: 255–66. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00434-2. PMID 11287130. |
− | * Piccolino, M (2002). "Fifty years of the Hodgkin-Huxley era." (PDF). Trends Neurosci 25: 552–3. PMID 12392928. http://biologie.kappa.ro/Literature/PDF_Archives/PDF_archive_2002/tins/25/552.pdf. Retrieved on 24 October 2008. | + | * Piccolino, M (2002). "Fifty years of the Hodgkin-Huxley era." (PDF). Trends Neurosci 25: 552–3. PMID 12392928. [http://biologie.kappa.ro/Literature/PDF_Archives/PDF_archive_2002/tins/25/552.pdf]. Retrieved on 24 October 2008. |
− | * Puelles, L (2001). "Thoughts on the development, structure and evolution of the mammalian and avian telencephalic pallium.". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356: 1583–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0973. PMID 11604125. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1088538. | + | * Puelles, L (2001). "Thoughts on the development, structure and evolution of the mammalian and avian telencephalic pallium.". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356: 1583–98. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0973. PMID 11604125. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1088538]. |
− | * Purves, D; Lichtman J (1985). Principles of Neural Development. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878937448. http://books.google.com/books?id=t9JqAAAAMAAJ. | + | * Purves, D; Lichtman J (1985). Principles of Neural Development. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878937448. [http://books.google.com/books?id=t9JqAAAAMAAJ]. |
| * Raichle, M; Gusnard DA (2002). "Appraising the brain's energy budget". PNAS 99: 10237–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.172399499. PMID 12149485. | | * Raichle, M; Gusnard DA (2002). "Appraising the brain's energy budget". PNAS 99: 10237–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.172399499. PMID 12149485. |
− | * Reiner, A; Yamamoto K, Karten HJ (2005). "Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain". Anat Rec a Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 287: 1080–102. PMID 16206213. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112098742/abstract. Retrieved on 12 October 2008. | + | * Reiner, A; Yamamoto K, Karten HJ (2005). "Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain". Anat Rec a Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 287: 1080–102. PMID 16206213. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112098742/abstract]. Retrieved on 12 October 2008. |
− | * Ridley, M (2003). Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human. Forth Estate. ISBN 9780060006785. http://books.google.com/books?id=9TkUHQAACAAJ. | + | * Ridley, M (2003). Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human. Forth Estate. ISBN 9780060006785. [http://books.google.com/books?id=9TkUHQAACAAJ]. |
| * Safi, K; Seid MA, Dechmann DKN (2005). "Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller". Biol Lett 1: 283–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0333. PMID 17148188. | | * Safi, K; Seid MA, Dechmann DKN (2005). "Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller". Biol Lett 1: 283–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0333. PMID 17148188. |
− | * Saitoh, K; Ménard A, Grillner S (2007). "Tectal control of locomotion, steering, and eye movements in lamprey.". J Neurophysiol 97: 3093–108. doi:10.1152/jn.00639.2006. PMID 17303814. http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/97/4/3093. | + | * Saitoh, K; Ménard A, Grillner S (2007). "Tectal control of locomotion, steering, and eye movements in lamprey.". J Neurophysiol 97: 3093–108. doi:10.1152/jn.00639.2006. PMID 17303814. [http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/97/4/3093]. |
| * Salas, C; Broglio C, Rodríguez F (2003). "Evolution of forebrain and spatial cognition in vertebrates: conservation across diversity". Brain Behav Evol 62: 72–82. doi:10.1159/000072438. | | * Salas, C; Broglio C, Rodríguez F (2003). "Evolution of forebrain and spatial cognition in vertebrates: conservation across diversity". Brain Behav Evol 62: 72–82. doi:10.1159/000072438. |
| * Savage, MV; Gillooly JF, Woodruff WH, West GB, Allen AP, Enquist BJ, Brown JH (2004). "The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology". Functional Ecol 18: 257–82. doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00856.x. | | * Savage, MV; Gillooly JF, Woodruff WH, West GB, Allen AP, Enquist BJ, Brown JH (2004). "The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology". Functional Ecol 18: 257–82. doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00856.x. |
− | * Schmidt-Rhaesa, A (2007). The Evolution of Organ Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198566694. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZACR7ZO_65YC. | + | * Schmidt-Rhaesa, A (2007). The Evolution of Organ Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198566694. [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZACR7ZO_65YC]. |
− | * Searle, J (1999). Mind, Language and Society. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465045211. http://books.google.com/books?id=rAWEL5XfUgYC. | + | * Searle, J (1999). Mind, Language and Society. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465045211. [http://books.google.com/books?id=rAWEL5XfUgYC]. |
− | * Shepherd GM (1994). Neurobiology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195088434. http://books.google.com/books?id=zr4WRMw0xRQC. | + | * Shepherd GM (1994). Neurobiology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195088434. [http://books.google.com/books?id=zr4WRMw0xRQC]. |
| * Shin, HS; Bargiello TA, Clark BT, Jackson FR, Young MW (1985). "An unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in vertebrates.". Nature 317: 445–8. doi:10.1038/317445a0. PMID 2413365. | | * Shin, HS; Bargiello TA, Clark BT, Jackson FR, Young MW (1985). "An unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in vertebrates.". Nature 317: 445–8. doi:10.1038/317445a0. PMID 2413365. |
| * Storrow, HA (1969). Outline of Clinical Psychiatry. Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 9780390850751. | | * Storrow, HA (1969). Outline of Clinical Psychiatry. Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 9780390850751. |
− | * Striedter, GF (2005). Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878938209. http://books.google.com/books?id=EPrJHQAACAAJ. | + | * Striedter, GF (2005). Principles of Brain Evolution. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878938209. [http://books.google.com/books?id=EPrJHQAACAAJ]. |
− | * Swaab, DF; Aminoff MJ, Boller F (2003). The Human Hypothalamus. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444513571. http://books.google.com/books?id=Js81Pr1PmaAC. | + | * Swaab, DF; Aminoff MJ, Boller F (2003). The Human Hypothalamus. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444513571. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Js81Pr1PmaAC]. |
| * Tonegawa, S; Nakazawa K, Wilson MA (2003). "Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358: 787–95. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1243. PMID 12740125. | | * Tonegawa, S; Nakazawa K, Wilson MA (2003). "Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358: 787–95. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1243. PMID 12740125. |
− | * van Hemmen, JL; Sejnowski TJ (2005). 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195148220. http://books.google.com/books?id=WelZAAAACAAJ. | + | * van Hemmen, JL; Sejnowski TJ (2005). 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195148220. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WelZAAAACAAJ]. |
| * van Praag, H; Kemperann G, Gage FH (2000). "Neural consequences of environmental enrichment". Nat Rev Neurosci 1: 191–8. PMID 11257907. | | * van Praag, H; Kemperann G, Gage FH (2000). "Neural consequences of environmental enrichment". Nat Rev Neurosci 1: 191–8. PMID 11257907. |
− | * Wiesel, T (1982). "Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment" (PDF). Nature 299: 583–91. doi:10.1038/299583a0. PMID 6811951. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1981/wiesel-lecture.pdf. | + | * Wiesel, T (1982). "Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment" (PDF). Nature 299: 583–91. doi:10.1038/299583a0. PMID 6811951. [http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1981/wiesel-lecture.pdf]. |
| * White, JG; Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (1986). "The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Phil Trans Roy Soc London (Biol) 314: 1–340. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. | | * White, JG; Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (1986). "The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Phil Trans Roy Soc London (Biol) 314: 1–340. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. |
− | * Willmer P (1990). Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521337120. http://books.google.com/books?id=uRrfn_5UNUQC. | + | * Willmer P (1990). Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521337120. [http://books.google.com/books?id=uRrfn_5UNUQC]. |
| * Wong, R (1999). "Retinal waves and visual system development.". Ann Rev Neurosci 22: 29–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29. PMID 10202531. | | * Wong, R (1999). "Retinal waves and visual system development.". Ann Rev Neurosci 22: 29–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29. PMID 10202531. |
− | * Wyllie, E; Gupta A, Lachhwani DK (2005). The Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781749954. http://books.google.com/books?id=ngmo0th_2X0C. | + | * Wyllie, E; Gupta A, Lachhwani DK (2005). The Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781749954. [http://books.google.com/books?id=ngmo0th_2X0C]. |
| * "Flybrain: An online atlas and database of the drosophila nervous system". | | * "Flybrain: An online atlas and database of the drosophila nervous system". |
| * "WormBook: The online review of c. elegans biology". | | * "WormBook: The online review of c. elegans biology". |
Line 146: |
Line 146: |
| * [http://www.brainmaps.org/ BrainMaps.org], interactive high-resolution digital brain atlas based on scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains | | * [http://www.brainmaps.org/ BrainMaps.org], interactive high-resolution digital brain atlas based on scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains |
| * [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca The Brain from Top to Bottom] | | * [http://thebrain.mcgill.ca The Brain from Top to Bottom] |
− | * The [[v:Topic:Neuroscience|Department of Neuroscience]] at [[v:|Wikiversity]]
| + | |
| | | |
| | | |
| [[Category:General Reference]] | | [[Category:General Reference]] |
| [[Category: Biology]] | | [[Category: Biology]] |