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− | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Tool.jpg|right|frame]] | + | [[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Synerge_tool_2.jpg|right|frame]] |
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| A tool is an entity used to facilitate more effective action. The most basic tools are simple [[machines]]. For example, a crowbar simply [[functions]] as a [[lever]]. The further out from the pivot point, the more [[force]] is transmitted along the lever. A hammer typically interfaces between the operator's hand and the nail the operator wishes to strike. | | A tool is an entity used to facilitate more effective action. The most basic tools are simple [[machines]]. For example, a crowbar simply [[functions]] as a [[lever]]. The further out from the pivot point, the more [[force]] is transmitted along the lever. A hammer typically interfaces between the operator's hand and the nail the operator wishes to strike. |
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| Tools that have evolved for use in particular domains can be given different assignations. For example, tools designed for domestic use are often called ''utensils''. | | Tools that have evolved for use in particular domains can be given different assignations. For example, tools designed for domestic use are often called ''utensils''. |
− | | + | <center>For lessons using the [[metaphor]] of a '''''Tool''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Tools '''''this link].</center> |
| Observation has confirmed that that multiple species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, several birds, sea otters, and others. [[Philosophers]] [[original]]ly [[thought]] that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Now humans' [[unique]] relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools. | | Observation has confirmed that that multiple species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, several birds, sea otters, and others. [[Philosophers]] [[original]]ly [[thought]] that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Now humans' [[unique]] relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools. |
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| Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6] | | Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6] |
| ==History== | | ==History== |
− | Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC. | + | Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC. |
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− | [[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills). | + | [[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills). |
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− | [[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10] | + | [[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10] |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
− | # [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003 | + | # [https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003 |
− | # [http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin | + | # [https://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin |
− | # [http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005 | + | # [https://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005 |
− | # "[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]". | + | # "[https://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]". |
− | # Sam Lilley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press. | + | # Sam Lilley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press. |
− | # [http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006. | + | # [https://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006. |
| # Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245. | | # Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245. |
| # Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177. | | # Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177. |
− | # [http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006 | + | # [https://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006 |
− | # [http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006 | + | # [https://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006 |
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| [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |