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| '''Autism''' is a disorder of [[brain|neural]] development that is characterized by impaired social interaction and [[communication]], and by restricted and repetitive [[behavior]]. These signs all begin before a child is three years old.[1] Autism involves many parts of the [[brain]]; how this occurs is not well understood.[2] The two other autism [[spectrum]] disorders (ASD) are [[Asperger syndrome]], which lacks delays in [[cognitive]] development and [[language]], and PDD-NOS, diagnosed when full criteria for the other two disorders are not met.[3] | | '''Autism''' is a disorder of [[brain|neural]] development that is characterized by impaired social interaction and [[communication]], and by restricted and repetitive [[behavior]]. These signs all begin before a child is three years old.[1] Autism involves many parts of the [[brain]]; how this occurs is not well understood.[2] The two other autism [[spectrum]] disorders (ASD) are [[Asperger syndrome]], which lacks delays in [[cognitive]] development and [[language]], and PDD-NOS, diagnosed when full criteria for the other two disorders are not met.[3] |
− | | + | <center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Autism''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Autism this link].</center> |
| Autism has a strong [[DNA|genetic]] basis, although the genetics of autism are [[complex]] and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations, or by rare combinations of common genetic variants.[4] In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects.[5] Controversies surround other proposed [[environmen]]tal causes, such as heavy metals, pesticides or childhood vaccines;[6] the vaccine hypotheses are [[biologically]] implausible and lack convincing [[scientific]] [[evidence]].[7] The prevalence of autism is about 1–2 per 1,000 people; the prevalence of ASD is about 6 per 1,000, with about four times as many [[male]]s as [[female]]s. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, partly due to changes in diagnostic [[practice]]; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved.[8] | | Autism has a strong [[DNA|genetic]] basis, although the genetics of autism are [[complex]] and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations, or by rare combinations of common genetic variants.[4] In rare cases, autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects.[5] Controversies surround other proposed [[environmen]]tal causes, such as heavy metals, pesticides or childhood vaccines;[6] the vaccine hypotheses are [[biologically]] implausible and lack convincing [[scientific]] [[evidence]].[7] The prevalence of autism is about 1–2 per 1,000 people; the prevalence of ASD is about 6 per 1,000, with about four times as many [[male]]s as [[female]]s. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s, partly due to changes in diagnostic [[practice]]; the question of whether actual prevalence has increased is unresolved.[8] |
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| Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R)[32] categorizes as follows. | | Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R)[32] categorizes as follows. |
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− | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy Stereotypy] is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, making [[sounds]], head rolling, or [[body]] rocking. | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy Stereotypy] is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, making [[sounds]], head rolling, or [[body]] rocking. |
− | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior Compulsive behavior] is intended and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines. | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_behavior Compulsive behavior] is intended and appears to follow rules, such as arranging objects in stacks or lines. |
| *Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. | | *Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. |
− | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual#Psychology Ritualistic behavior] involves an unvarying [[pattern]] of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing [[ritual]]. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.[32] | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual#Psychology Ritualistic behavior] involves an unvarying [[pattern]] of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing [[ritual]]. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.[32] |
| *Restricted behavior is limited in [[focus]], interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game. | | *Restricted behavior is limited in [[focus]], interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game. |
− | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-injury Self-injury] includes movements that injure or can injure the [[person]], such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head banging.[3] A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD.[25] | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-injury Self-injury] includes movements that injure or can injure the [[person]], such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head banging.[3] A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD.[25] |
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| No single repetitive behavior seems to be specific to autism, but only autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.[33] | | No single repetitive behavior seems to be specific to autism, but only autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.[33] |
| ==Other symptoms== | | ==Other symptoms== |
− | Autistic [[individuals]] may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the [[family]].[17] An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the [[memorization]] of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome autistic savants].[34] Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in [[perception]] and [[attention]], [[relative]] to the general [[population]].[35] Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some,[36] although there is no good [[evidence]] that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.[37] Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into [[things]]) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud [[noise]]s) or for sensation seeking (for example, [[rhythm]]ic movements).[38] An estimated 60%–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking;[36] ASD is not associated with severe motor disturbances.[39] | + | Autistic [[individuals]] may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the [[family]].[17] An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the [[memorization]] of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome autistic savants].[34] Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in [[perception]] and [[attention]], [[relative]] to the general [[population]].[35] Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of those with autism, and are considered core features by some,[36] although there is no good [[evidence]] that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders.[37] Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into [[things]]) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud [[noise]]s) or for sensation seeking (for example, [[rhythm]]ic movements).[38] An estimated 60%–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking;[36] ASD is not associated with severe motor disturbances.[39] |
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| Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur;[25] this does not appear to result in malnutrition. Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous [[data]] to support the [[theory]] that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual;[40] studies report conflicting results, and the [[relationship]] between GI problems and ASD is unclear.[9] | | Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur;[25] this does not appear to result in malnutrition. Although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous [[data]] to support the [[theory]] that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual;[40] studies report conflicting results, and the [[relationship]] between GI problems and ASD is unclear.[9] |
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| At some point in childhood, about two-thirds of individuals with ASD are affected by sleep problems; these most commonly include symptoms of [[insomnia]] such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family [[stress]], and are often a [[focus]] of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[41] | | At some point in childhood, about two-thirds of individuals with ASD are affected by sleep problems; these most commonly include symptoms of [[insomnia]] such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family [[stress]], and are often a [[focus]] of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.[41] |
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− | Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress.[42] Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children or those with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.[43][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism] | + | Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress.[42] Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children or those with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.[43][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism] |
| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
− | * '''''Wikimedia Commons''''' has media related to: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autism Autism] | + | * '''''Wikimedia Commons''''' has media related to: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autism Autism] |
− | *[http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/ Autism] at the '''''Open Directory Project''''' | + | *[https://www.dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/ Autism] at the '''''Open Directory Project''''' |
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| [[Category: Health]] | | [[Category: Health]] |
| [[Category: Psychology]] | | [[Category: Psychology]] |