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Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpgright|frame 61:7.1 Throughout the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial] period other activities were in [[...'
[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:The_eye_of_all_ur60.jpg|right|frame]]
61:7.1 Throughout the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial] period other [[activities]] were in [[progress]], but the [[action]] of the ice overshadows all other [[phenomena]] in the northern latitudes. No other [[terrestrial]] [[activity]] leaves such characteristic [[evidence]] on the [[topography]]. The distinctive boulders and [[surface]] cleavages, such as potholes, [[lakes]], displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in [[connection]] with no other [[phenomenon]] in [[nature]]. The ice is also [[responsible]] for those gentle swells, or [[surface]] undulations, known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlins drumlins]. And a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], as it advances, displaces [[rivers]] and changes the whole [[Surface|face]] of the [[earth]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers Glaciers] alone leave behind them those telltale drifts—the ground, lateral, and terminal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine moraines]. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and are found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberia].
61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois], displacing the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi River] fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River Ohio River] and central [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania].
61:7.3 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberian] ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps].
61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new [[development]] accelerated the [[course]] of [[human]] [[evolution]]. Suddenly and in one [[generation]] the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 six colored races] mutated from the [[aboriginal]] [[human]] stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the [[Planetary Prince]].
61:7.5 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the advancing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers]. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_valley St. Lawrence valley], and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the State of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa Iowa]. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one.
61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields.
61:7.7 In this invasion the three great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western [[mountains]] [[participated]] in this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[activity]]. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its [[pressure]] [[centers]], and North America [[experienced]] its lowest [[temperatures]].
61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], there occurred an [[episode]] which had much to do with the [[Course|march]] of [[events]] on [[Urantia]]—the [[Lucifer rebellion]].
61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheet] crossing just over the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canadian] border; the central coming down into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri Missouri], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois]; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio].
61:7.10 This is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day [[lakes]], great and small. During its retreat the North American system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] was produced. And [[Urantia]]n [[geologists]] have very accurately deduced the various [[stages]] of this [[development]] and have correctly surmised that these bodies of [[water]] did, at different times, empty first into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi valley], then eastward into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_river Hudson valley], and finally by a northern route into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River St. Lawrence]. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] system began to empty out over the present [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment Niagara route].
61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], the vast polar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] began to [[form]], and the [[center]] of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of [[future]] land elevations or [[modification]] of [[ocean]] currents.
61:7.12 This last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zones temperate regions] have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.
61:7.13 The rigorous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial period] destroyed many [[species]] and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro [[migration]] which was made [[necessary]] by the advancing and retreating ice. Those [[animals]] which followed the glaciers back and forth over the [[land]] were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon.
61:7.14 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth mammoth] sought the open prairies, but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon mastodon] preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico Mexico] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada]; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until [[Annihilation|exterminated]] by the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] much as the white man later killed off the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison].
61:7.15 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America last glaciation], the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became [[extinct]]. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America].
61:7.16 The enforced [[migration]] of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of [[plants]] and of [[animals]], and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic [[species]] of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain [[mountain]] peaks, whither they had [[journey]]ed to [[escape]] destruction by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier]. And so, today, these dislocated [[plants]] and [[animals]] may be found high up on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps] of Europe and even on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applachian_Mountains Appalachian Mountains] of North America.
61:7.17 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] is the last completed [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period], the so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene Pleistocene], over two million years in length.
61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age great ice age] excepting in the polar regions of the [[planet]]. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a [[Material Son and Daughter]] and the beginning of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:3._POST-ADAMIC_MAN Adamic dispensation], roughly corresponding to the beginning of the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene Holocene] or postglacial period.
61:7.19 This [[narrative]], extending from the rise of [[mammalian]] life to the retreat of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice] and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last—the current—[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period] and is known to your [[researchers]] as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] or recent-times era.
61:7.20 Sponsored by a Resident [[Life Carrier]].
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_61 Go to Paper 61]</center>
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>
[[Category:Paper 61 - The Mammalian Life Era on Urantia]]
61:7.1 Throughout the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial] period other [[activities]] were in [[progress]], but the [[action]] of the ice overshadows all other [[phenomena]] in the northern latitudes. No other [[terrestrial]] [[activity]] leaves such characteristic [[evidence]] on the [[topography]]. The distinctive boulders and [[surface]] cleavages, such as potholes, [[lakes]], displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in [[connection]] with no other [[phenomenon]] in [[nature]]. The ice is also [[responsible]] for those gentle swells, or [[surface]] undulations, known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlins drumlins]. And a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], as it advances, displaces [[rivers]] and changes the whole [[Surface|face]] of the [[earth]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers Glaciers] alone leave behind them those telltale drifts—the ground, lateral, and terminal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine moraines]. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and are found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberia].
61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois], displacing the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi River] fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River Ohio River] and central [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania].
61:7.3 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberian] ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps].
61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new [[development]] accelerated the [[course]] of [[human]] [[evolution]]. Suddenly and in one [[generation]] the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 six colored races] mutated from the [[aboriginal]] [[human]] stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the [[Planetary Prince]].
61:7.5 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the advancing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers]. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_valley St. Lawrence valley], and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the State of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa Iowa]. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one.
61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields.
61:7.7 In this invasion the three great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western [[mountains]] [[participated]] in this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[activity]]. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its [[pressure]] [[centers]], and North America [[experienced]] its lowest [[temperatures]].
61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], there occurred an [[episode]] which had much to do with the [[Course|march]] of [[events]] on [[Urantia]]—the [[Lucifer rebellion]].
61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheet] crossing just over the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canadian] border; the central coming down into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri Missouri], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois]; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio].
61:7.10 This is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day [[lakes]], great and small. During its retreat the North American system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] was produced. And [[Urantia]]n [[geologists]] have very accurately deduced the various [[stages]] of this [[development]] and have correctly surmised that these bodies of [[water]] did, at different times, empty first into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi valley], then eastward into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_river Hudson valley], and finally by a northern route into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River St. Lawrence]. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] system began to empty out over the present [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment Niagara route].
61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], the vast polar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] began to [[form]], and the [[center]] of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of [[future]] land elevations or [[modification]] of [[ocean]] currents.
61:7.12 This last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zones temperate regions] have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.
61:7.13 The rigorous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial period] destroyed many [[species]] and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro [[migration]] which was made [[necessary]] by the advancing and retreating ice. Those [[animals]] which followed the glaciers back and forth over the [[land]] were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon.
61:7.14 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth mammoth] sought the open prairies, but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon mastodon] preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico Mexico] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada]; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until [[Annihilation|exterminated]] by the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] much as the white man later killed off the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison].
61:7.15 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America last glaciation], the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became [[extinct]]. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America].
61:7.16 The enforced [[migration]] of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of [[plants]] and of [[animals]], and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic [[species]] of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain [[mountain]] peaks, whither they had [[journey]]ed to [[escape]] destruction by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier]. And so, today, these dislocated [[plants]] and [[animals]] may be found high up on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps] of Europe and even on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applachian_Mountains Appalachian Mountains] of North America.
61:7.17 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] is the last completed [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period], the so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene Pleistocene], over two million years in length.
61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age great ice age] excepting in the polar regions of the [[planet]]. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a [[Material Son and Daughter]] and the beginning of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:3._POST-ADAMIC_MAN Adamic dispensation], roughly corresponding to the beginning of the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene Holocene] or postglacial period.
61:7.19 This [[narrative]], extending from the rise of [[mammalian]] life to the retreat of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice] and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last—the current—[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period] and is known to your [[researchers]] as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] or recent-times era.
61:7.20 Sponsored by a Resident [[Life Carrier]].
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_61 Go to Paper 61]</center>
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>
[[Category:Paper 61 - The Mammalian Life Era on Urantia]]