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68:5 Land Techniques—Maintenance Arts (view source)
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68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].
68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:
*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].
*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].
68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].
*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.
68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].
68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].
*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[plants]], and it [[represents]] the highest type of [[material]] [[civilization]]. Both [[Caligastia]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adam] endeavored to teach [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticulture] and [[agriculture]]. [[Adam and Eve]] were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced [[culture]] in those days. The growing of [[plants]] exerts an ennobling [[influence]] on all [[races]] of [[mankind]].
68:5.10 [[Agriculture]] more than quadrupled the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, [[men]] [[hunt]] and [[women]] till the [[soil]].
68:5.11 There has always been [[friction]] between the herders and the tillers of the soil. The [[hunter]] and herder were militant, [[war]]like; the agriculturist is a more [[peace]]-loving type. [[Association]] with [[animals]] suggests [[struggle]] and [[force]]; association with [[plants]] instills [[patience]], [[quiet]], and [[peace]]. [[Agriculture]] and industrialism are the [[activities]] of [[peace]]. But the weakness of both, as world [[social]] [[activities]], is that they lack excitement and [[adventure]].
68:5.12 [[Human]] [[society]] has evolved from the [[hunting]] [[stage]] through that of the herders to the territorial stage of [[agriculture]]. And each stage of this [[progressive]] [[civilization]] was accompanied by less and less of [[nomadism]]; more and more man began to live at [[home]].
68:5.13 And now is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] supplementing [[agriculture]], with consequently increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization urbanization] and multiplication of nonagricultural [[groups]] of [[citizenship]] classes. But an industrial era cannot [[hope]] to [[survive]] if its [[leaders]] fail to [[recognize]] that even the highest [[social]] [[developments]] must ever rest upon a sound [[agricultural]] basis.
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_68 Go to Paper 68]</center>
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>
[[Category:Paper 68 - The Dawn of Civilization]]
68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].
68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:
*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].
*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].
68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].
*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.
68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].
68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].
*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[plants]], and it [[represents]] the highest type of [[material]] [[civilization]]. Both [[Caligastia]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adam] endeavored to teach [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticulture] and [[agriculture]]. [[Adam and Eve]] were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced [[culture]] in those days. The growing of [[plants]] exerts an ennobling [[influence]] on all [[races]] of [[mankind]].
68:5.10 [[Agriculture]] more than quadrupled the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, [[men]] [[hunt]] and [[women]] till the [[soil]].
68:5.11 There has always been [[friction]] between the herders and the tillers of the soil. The [[hunter]] and herder were militant, [[war]]like; the agriculturist is a more [[peace]]-loving type. [[Association]] with [[animals]] suggests [[struggle]] and [[force]]; association with [[plants]] instills [[patience]], [[quiet]], and [[peace]]. [[Agriculture]] and industrialism are the [[activities]] of [[peace]]. But the weakness of both, as world [[social]] [[activities]], is that they lack excitement and [[adventure]].
68:5.12 [[Human]] [[society]] has evolved from the [[hunting]] [[stage]] through that of the herders to the territorial stage of [[agriculture]]. And each stage of this [[progressive]] [[civilization]] was accompanied by less and less of [[nomadism]]; more and more man began to live at [[home]].
68:5.13 And now is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] supplementing [[agriculture]], with consequently increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization urbanization] and multiplication of nonagricultural [[groups]] of [[citizenship]] classes. But an industrial era cannot [[hope]] to [[survive]] if its [[leaders]] fail to [[recognize]] that even the highest [[social]] [[developments]] must ever rest upon a sound [[agricultural]] basis.
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_68 Go to Paper 68]</center>
<center>[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Urantia_Text_-_Contents Go to Table of Contents]</center>
[[Category:Paper 68 - The Dawn of Civilization]]