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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]]

[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]]

[[Image:McEwan_Hall,_Univ.jpg|right|McEwan Hall, Edinburgh University Archives]]

[[Image:McEwan_Hall,_Univ.jpg|right|frame|<center>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McEwan_Hall McEwan Hall]</center>]]

'''Academia''' is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in [[higher education]] and [[research]], taken as a whole.

'''Academia''' is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in [[higher education]] and [[research]], taken as a whole.

Some [[sociology|sociologist]]s have divided, but not limited, academia into four basic historical types: ancient academia, early academia, academic societies, and the modern university. There are at least two models of academia: a [[Europe]]an model developed since ancient times, as well as an [[United States|American]] model developed by [[Benjamin Franklin]] in the mid-eighteenth century and [[Thomas Jefferson]] in the early nineteenth century. In the United States academia tends to be politically progressive with 72% of faculty members identifying as liberal (87% at elite institutions).

Some [[sociology|sociologist]]s have divided, but not limited, academia into four basic historical types: ancient academia, early academia, academic societies, and the modern university. There are at least two models of academia: a [[Europe]]an model developed since ancient times, as well as an [[United States|American]] model developed by [[Benjamin Franklin]] in the mid-eighteenth century and [[Thomas Jefferson]] in the early nineteenth century. In the United States academia tends to be politically progressive with 72% of faculty members identifying as liberal (87% at elite institutions).

[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html]

[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html]

==Structure==

==Structure==

===Qualifications===

===Qualifications===

[[Image:Harvard_diploma.jpg|right|Harvard Diploma]]

[[Image:Harvard_diploma.jpg|right|frame|<center>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard Harvard Diploma]</center>]]

 

The [[Academic degree|degree]] awarded for completed study is the primary academic qualification. Typically these are, in order of completion, [[bachelor's degree]] (awarded for completion of [[undergraduate]] study), [[master's degree]], and [[doctorate]] (awarded after [[graduate school|graduate]] or [[postgraduate]] study). These are only currently being standardized in Europe as part of the [[Bologna process]], as many different degrees and standards of time to reach each are currently awarded in different countries in Europe. In most fields the majority of academic researchers and teachers have doctorates or other terminal degrees, though in some [[professional]] and [[Creativity|creative]] fields it is common for scholars and teachers to have only master's degrees.

The [[Academic degree|degree]] awarded for completed study is the primary academic qualification. Typically these are, in order of completion, [[bachelor's degree]] (awarded for completion of [[undergraduate]] study), [[master's degree]], and [[doctorate]] (awarded after [[graduate school|graduate]] or [[postgraduate]] study). These are only currently being standardized in Europe as part of the [[Bologna process]], as many different degrees and standards of time to reach each are currently awarded in different countries in Europe. In most fields the majority of academic researchers and teachers have doctorates or other terminal degrees, though in some [[professional]] and [[Creativity|creative]] fields it is common for scholars and teachers to have only master's degrees.

====Town and gown====

====Town and gown====

Universities are often culturally distinct from the towns or cities where they reside. In some cases this leads to discomfort or outright conflict between local residents and members of the university over political, economic, or other [[town and gown]] issues. Some localities in the Northeastern United States, for instance, have tried to block students from registering to vote as local residents &mdash; instead encouraging them to vote by absentee ballot at their parents' residence &mdash; in order to retain control of local politics.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Other issues can include deep cultural and class divisions between local residents and university students. The film ''[[Breaking Away]]'' dramatizes such a conflict.

Universities are often culturally distinct from the towns or cities where they reside. In some cases this leads to discomfort or outright conflict between local residents and members of the university over political, economic, or other [[town and gown]] issues. Some localities in the Northeastern United States, for instance, have tried to block students from registering to vote as local residents &mdash; instead encouraging them to vote by absentee ballot at their parents' residence &mdash; in order to retain control of local politics. Other issues can include deep cultural and class divisions between local residents and university students. The film ''[[Breaking Away]]'' dramatizes such a conflict.

====Commerce and scholarship====

====Commerce and scholarship====

==History==

==History==

===Ancient times===

===Ancient times===

[[Image:Lyceum.jpg|right|Lyceum]]

[[Image:Lyceum.jpg|right|frame|<center>[https://lyceum.open.ac.uk/ Open University Lyceum]</center>]]

Academia takes its name from the [[Academy]], a sanctuary outside the city walls of ancient [[Athens]]. It was dedicated to the legendary hero [[Akademos]] and contained several olive groves, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] and an area suited for intimate gatherings. In these gardens, largely planted and enhanced with statuary by its previous owner [[Cimon]], the philosopher [[Plato]] conversed with followers who believed Plato would enlighten them. These informal sessions came to be known as the Academy. Plato later further developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in [[387 BC]], established what is known today as the [[Old Academy]].

Academia takes its name from the [[Academy]], a sanctuary outside the city walls of ancient [[Athens]]. It was dedicated to the legendary hero [[Akademos]] and contained several olive groves, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] and an area suited for intimate gatherings. In these gardens, largely planted and enhanced with statuary by its previous owner [[Cimon]], the philosopher [[Plato]] conversed with followers who believed Plato would enlighten them. These informal sessions came to be known as the Academy. Plato later further developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in [[387 BC]], established what is known today as the [[Old Academy]].

Recipients of a master's degree in the U.S. or UK wear a similar cap and gown but closed sleeves with slits, and usually receive a ceremonial hood that hangs down the back of the gown. In the U.S. the hood is traditionally edged with a silk or velvet strip displaying the disciplinary color, and is lined with the university's colors.

Recipients of a master's degree in the U.S. or UK wear a similar cap and gown but closed sleeves with slits, and usually receive a ceremonial hood that hangs down the back of the gown. In the U.S. the hood is traditionally edged with a silk or velvet strip displaying the disciplinary color, and is lined with the university's colors.

According to The American Council on Education “six-year specialist degrees ([[Educational Specialist|Ed.S.]], etc.) and other degrees that are intermediate between the master's and the doctor's degree may have hoods specially designed (1) intermediate in length between the master's and doctor's hood, (2) with a four-inch velvet border (also intermediate between the widths of the borders of master's and doctor's hoods), and (3) with color distributed in the usual fashion and according to the usual rules. Cap tassels should be uniformly black.”[http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=10625#6-year|title=]Six-Year Specialist Degrees

According to The American Council on Education “six-year specialist degrees ([[Educational Specialist|Ed.S.]], etc.) and other degrees that are intermediate between the master's and the doctor's degree may have hoods specially designed (1) intermediate in length between the master's and doctor's hood, (2) with a four-inch velvet border (also intermediate between the widths of the borders of master's and doctor's hoods), and (3) with color distributed in the usual fashion and according to the usual rules. Cap tassels should be uniformly black.”[https://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=10625#6-year|title=]Six-Year Specialist Degrees

 

Recipients of a doctoral degree tend to have the most elaborate academic dress, and hence there is the greatest diversity at this level. In the U.S., doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by master's graduates, with the addition of velvet stripes across the sleeves and running down the front of the gown which may be tinted with the disciplinary color for the degree received. Holders of a doctoral degree may be entitled or obliged to wear ''scarlet'' (a special gown in scarlet) on high days and special occasions. While some doctoral graduates wear the mortarboard cap traditional to the lower degree levels, most wear a cap or ''Tudor bonnet'' that resembles a [[tam o'shanter (hat)|tam o'shanter]], from which a colored tassel is suspended.

Recipients of a doctoral degree tend to have the most elaborate academic dress, and hence there is the greatest diversity at this level. In the U.S., doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by master's graduates, with the addition of velvet stripes across the sleeves and running down the front of the gown which may be tinted with the disciplinary color for the degree received. Holders of a doctoral degree may be entitled or obliged to wear ''scarlet'' (a special gown in scarlet) on high days and special occasions. While some doctoral graduates wear the mortarboard cap traditional to the lower degree levels, most wear a cap or ''Tudor bonnet'' that resembles a [[tam o'shanter (hat)|tam o'shanter]], from which a colored tassel is suspended.

In modern times in the U.S. and UK, gowns are normally only worn at graduation ceremonies, although some colleges still demand the wearing of academic dress on formal occasions (official banquets and other similar affairs). In the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th centuries]], it was more common to see the dress worn in the classroom, a practice which has now all but disappeared. Two notable exceptions are the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Sewanee, The University of the South|Sewanee]], where students are required to wear formal academic dress in the examination room.

In modern times in the U.S. and UK, gowns are normally only worn at graduation ceremonies, although some colleges still demand the wearing of academic dress on formal occasions (official banquets and other similar affairs). In the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th centuries]], it was more common to see the dress worn in the classroom, a practice which has now all but disappeared. Two notable exceptions are the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Sewanee, The University of the South|Sewanee]], where students are required to wear formal academic dress in the examination room.

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/BIBLIO-UNIVERSITY-history-of-university.html] Bibliography on the history of the university[http://www.academicforum.co.uk] provided by [http://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/ Palinurus: The Academy and the Corporation], a web site from the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]

* [https://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/BIBLIO-UNIVERSITY-history-of-university.html] Bibliography on the history of the university[https://www.academicforum.co.uk] provided by [https://palinurus.english.ucsb.edu/ Palinurus: The Academy and the Corporation], a web site from the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]

* [http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Frequently_Asked_Questions3&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8086 An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide]

* [https://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Frequently_Asked_Questions3&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8086 An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide]

* [http://www.scholares.net/ 'Magistri et Scholares' - Academic News and Resources]

* [https://www.scholares.net/ 'Magistri et Scholares' - Academic News and Resources]

* [http://www.ajaxlines.com/ajax/stuff/article/web_in_academia.php Academia] and web 2.0

* [https://www.ajaxlines.com/ajax/stuff/article/web_in_academia.php Academia] and web 2.0

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]