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[[Image:Alienation.jpg|right|frame]]

[[Image:Alienation.jpg|right|frame]]

In [[sociology]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_social_theory critical social theory], '''alienation''' refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general. It is considered by many that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism atomism] of modern [[society]] means that [[individuals]] have [[Superficial|shallower]] [[Relationship|relations]] with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in [[understanding]] and adapting to each other's [[uniqueness]]. It is also sometimes referred to as commodification, emphasizing the compatibility of [[capitalism]] with alienation (a common theme of the early work of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl Marx Karl Marx].  

In [[sociology]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_social_theory critical social theory], '''alienation''' refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general. It is considered by many that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism atomism] of modern [[society]] means that [[individuals]] have [[Superficial|shallower]] [[Relationship|relations]] with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in [[understanding]] and adapting to each other's [[uniqueness]]. It is also sometimes referred to as commodification, emphasizing the compatibility of [[capitalism]] with alienation (a common theme of the early work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl Marx Karl Marx].  

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Alienation''''' ('''''[[Isolation]]'''''), follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Isolation this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''Isolation''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Isolation this link].</center>

Many [[sociologists]] of the late [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Century 19th] and early [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century 20th] century were concerned about alienating effects of modernization. German sociologists Georg Simmel and Ferdinand Tönnies have written rather [[critical]] works on individualization and urbanization. Simmel's ''"Philosophie des Geldes"'' ("Philosophy of Money") describes how [[relationships]] become more and more mediated through [[money]]. Tönnies' ''"Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"'' ("Community and Society") is about the loss of primary relationships such as [[family]] bonds in favour of [[Objective|goal]] oriented secondary relationships. The American sociologist C. Wright Mills conducted a major study of alienation in modern society with "White Collar", 1951, describing how modern consumption-capitalism have shaped a society where you have to sell your [[personality]] in addition to your [[work]].  

Many [[sociologists]] of the late [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Century 19th] and early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century 20th] century were concerned about alienating effects of modernization. German sociologists Georg Simmel and Ferdinand Tönnies have written rather [[critical]] works on individualization and urbanization. Simmel's ''"Philosophie des Geldes"'' ("Philosophy of Money") describes how [[relationships]] become more and more mediated through [[money]]. Tönnies' ''"Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"'' ("Community and Society") is about the loss of primary relationships such as [[family]] bonds in favour of [[Objective|goal]] oriented secondary relationships. The American sociologist C. Wright Mills conducted a major study of alienation in modern society with "White Collar", 1951, describing how modern consumption-capitalism have shaped a society where you have to sell your [[personality]] in addition to your [[work]].  

This idea of alienation can be observed in some other [[contexts]], although the term may not be as frequently used. In the context of an [[individual]]'s [[relations]] within [[society]], alienation can mean the unresponsiveness of the society as a whole to the individuality of each member of the society. When [[collective]] decisions are made, it is usually impossible for the [[unique]] needs of each person to be taken into account.  This form of alienation was criticized by many of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hegelians Young Hegelians].

This idea of alienation can be observed in some other [[contexts]], although the term may not be as frequently used. In the context of an [[individual]]'s [[relations]] within [[society]], alienation can mean the unresponsiveness of the society as a whole to the individuality of each member of the society. When [[collective]] decisions are made, it is usually impossible for the [[unique]] needs of each person to be taken into account.  This form of alienation was criticized by many of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hegelians Young Hegelians].

In a broader [[philosophy|philosophical]] context, especially in [[existentialism]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology phenomenology], alienation describes the inadequacy of [[human being]] or [[mind]] in relation to the world. The human mind, as the [[Subjectivity|subject]] of [[perception]], relates to the world as an object of its [[perception]], and so is distanced from the world rather than living within it.  

In a broader [[philosophy|philosophical]] context, especially in [[existentialism]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology phenomenology], alienation describes the inadequacy of [[human being]] or [[mind]] in relation to the world. The human mind, as the [[Subjectivity|subject]] of [[perception]], relates to the world as an object of its [[perception]], and so is distanced from the world rather than living within it.  

This line of thought can be found, among others, in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert Camus Albert Camus] and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor Adorno Theodor Adorno].   

This line of thought can be found, among others, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert Camus Albert Camus] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor Adorno Theodor Adorno].   

==See Also==

==See Also==