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Line 105: − ;General − <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> − * [[Art]] (including the theoretical overview) − * [[Art critic]] − * [[Art criticism]] − * [[Art periods]] − * [[History of art]] − * [[History of decorative arts]] − * [[History of painting]] − * [[Western painting]] − * [[History of sculpture]] − * [[History of architecture]] − * [[History of dance]] − * [[History of music]] − * [[History of poetry]] − * [[Outline of painting history]] − * [[Visual culture]] − * [[Art History Underground]] − * [[Modernism]] − * [[Postmodern art]] − * [http://www.all-art.org History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art] − </div> − ;Art by region:Main articles − <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> − * [[Eastern art history]] − :* [[Indian art]] − :* [[Asian art]] − * [[Western art]] − * [[Western painting]] − :* [[European art]] − :* [[American art]] − :* [[Native American art]] − :* [[Art of Central America]] − :* [[Art of South America]] − * [[Oceanic art]] − * [[African art]] − </div> Line 170:
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'''Art history''' is the [[academic]] study of objects of [[art]] in their [[historical]] development and stylistic contexts, i.e. [[genre]], [[design]], [[format]], and [[look]]. "[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=art%20history Art History]". WordNet Search - 3.0, princeton.edu Moreover, ''art history'' generally is the [[research]] of [[artist]]s and their cultural and social contributions.[http://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/education/Connections.pdf]
[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Venus de Milo Louvre Ma399 n4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Venus de Milo]] on display at the [[Louvre]]]]
'''Art history''' is the [[academic]] study of objects of [[art]] in their [[historical]] development and stylistic contexts, i.e. [[genre]], [[design]], [[format]], and [[look]]. "[https://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=art%20history Art History]". WordNet Search - 3.0, princeton.edu Moreover, ''art history'' generally is the [[research]] of [[artist]]s and their cultural and social contributions.[https://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/education/Connections.pdf]
As a term, ''Art history'' (also ''history of art'') encompasses several methods of studying the [[visual arts]]; in common usage referring to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the discipline overlapping upon [[art criticism]] and [[art theory]]. [[Ernst Gombrich]] observed that "the field of art history [is] much like [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Gaul]], divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".<ref>Ernst Gombrich (1996). ''The Essential Gombrich'', p. 7. London: Phaidon Press</ref> Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history has turned.
As a term, ''Art history'' (also ''history of art'') encompasses several methods of studying the [[visual arts]]; in common usage referring to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the discipline overlapping upon [[art criticism]] and [[art theory]]. [[Ernst Gombrich]] observed that "the field of art history [is] much like [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s [[Gaul]], divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".<ref>Ernst Gombrich (1996). ''The Essential Gombrich'', p. 7. London: Phaidon Press</ref> Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history has turned.
As a discipline, art history is distinguished from [[art criticism]], which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or movement; and ''[[art theory]]'', which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art, and is more related to [[aesthetics]] and determining the essence of beauty, i.e. artistic appeal. Technically, art history is not these things, because the '''art historian''' uses [[historical method]] to answers the questions: ''How did the artist come to create the work?'' ''Who were the patrons?'' ''Who were his or her teachers?'' ''Who were his or her disciples?'' ''What historical forces shaped the artist's [[oeuvre]]'' and '' How did he or she and the creation, in turn, affect the course of artistic, political, and social events?''
As a discipline, art history is distinguished from [[art criticism]], which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or movement; and ''[[art theory]]'', which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art, and is more related to [[aesthetics]] and determining the essence of beauty, i.e. artistic appeal. Technically, art history is not these things, because the '''art historian''' uses [[historical method]] to answers the questions: ''How did the artist come to create the work?'' ''Who were the patrons?'' ''Who were his or her teachers?'' ''Who were his or her disciples?'' ''What historical forces shaped the artist's [[oeuvre]]'' and '' How did he or she and the creation, in turn, affect the course of artistic, political, and social events?''
==Definition==
==Definition==
Art history is a relatively new academic enterprise, beginning in the [[nineteenth century]].<ref>Art History and Its Institutions: Foundations of a Discipline By Elizabeth Mansfield</ref> Whereas the analysis of historical trends in, for example, politics, literature, and the sciences, benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, ''art historians'' rely on [[Formal concept analysis|formal analysis]], [[iconology]], [[semiotics]] ([[structuralism]], [[post-structuralism]], and [[deconstruction]]), [[psychoanalysis]] and [[iconography]];<ref>The Methodologies of Art: An Introduction By Laurie Adams</ref> as well as [[primary source]]s and [[secondary sources|reproductions of artworks]] as a springboard of discussion and study.<ref>Principles of Art History Writing By David Carrier</ref> Advances in photographic reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of reproductions of artworks accurately. Nevertheless the appreciation and study of the visual arts has been a area of research for many over the millennia. The definition of art history reflects the dichotomy within art; i.e., art as history and in anthropological context; and art as a study in forms.
Art history is a relatively new academic enterprise, beginning in the [[nineteenth century]].<ref>Art History and Its Institutions: Foundations of a Discipline By Elizabeth Mansfield</ref> Whereas the analysis of historical trends in, for example, politics, literature, and the sciences, benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, ''art historians'' rely on [[Formal concept analysis|formal analysis]], [[iconology]], [[semiotics]] ([[structuralism]], [[post-structuralism]], and [[deconstruction]]), [[psychoanalysis]] and [[iconography]];<ref>The Methodologies of Art: An Introduction By Laurie Adams</ref> as well as [[primary source]]s and [[secondary sources|reproductions of artworks]] as a springboard of discussion and study.<ref>Principles of Art History Writing By David Carrier</ref> Advances in photographic reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of reproductions of artworks accurately. Nevertheless the appreciation and study of the visual arts has been a area of research for many over the millennia. The definition of art history reflects the dichotomy within art; i.e., art as history and in anthropological context; and art as a study in forms.
==Prominent critical art historians ==
==Prominent critical art historians ==
Since Heinrich Wolfflin's time, art history has embraced [[social history]] by using critical approaches. The goal of these approaches is to show how art interacts with power structures in society. The first critical approach that art historians used was Marxism. Marxist art history attempted to show how art was tied to specific classes, how images contain information about the economy, and how images can make the status quo seem natural ([[ideology]]). [[Clement Greenberg]] came to prominence during the late 1930s with his essay ''[[Avant-Garde and Kitsch]]'', first published in the journal [[Partisan Review]] 1939.<ref>[[Clement Greenberg]], ''Art and Culture,'' Beacon Press, 1961</ref> In the essay Greenberg claimed that the [[avant-garde]] arose in order to defend [[aesthetic]] standards from the decline of [[taste (aesthetics)|taste]] involved in [[consumerism|consumer society]], and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. Greenberg further claimed that [[avant-garde]] and [[Modernism|Modernist]] art was a means to resist the leveling of culture produced by [[capitalist]] [[propaganda]]. Greenberg appropriated the German word '[[kitsch]]' to describe this consumerism, though its [[connotation]]s have since changed to a more affirmative notion of left-over materials of capitalist culture. Greenberg was often referred to as a [[Marxist]] [[art critic]] / [[art historian]]. While Greenberg is primarily thought of as a [[formalist]] [[art critic]] many of his most important essays are crucial to the understanding of [[Modern art]] history, and the history of [[Modernism]].<ref>[http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006</ref>
Since Heinrich Wolfflin's time, art history has embraced [[social history]] by using critical approaches. The goal of these approaches is to show how art interacts with power structures in society. The first critical approach that art historians used was Marxism. Marxist art history attempted to show how art was tied to specific classes, how images contain information about the economy, and how images can make the status quo seem natural ([[ideology]]). [[Clement Greenberg]] came to prominence during the late 1930s with his essay ''[[Avant-Garde and Kitsch]]'', first published in the journal [[Partisan Review]] 1939.<ref>[[Clement Greenberg]], ''Art and Culture,'' Beacon Press, 1961</ref> In the essay Greenberg claimed that the [[avant-garde]] arose in order to defend [[aesthetic]] standards from the decline of [[taste (aesthetics)|taste]] involved in [[consumerism|consumer society]], and seeing kitsch and art as opposites. Greenberg further claimed that [[avant-garde]] and [[Modernism|Modernist]] art was a means to resist the leveling of culture produced by [[capitalist]] [[propaganda]]. Greenberg appropriated the German word '[[kitsch]]' to describe this consumerism, though its [[connotation]]s have since changed to a more affirmative notion of left-over materials of capitalist culture. Greenberg was often referred to as a [[Marxist]] [[art critic]] / [[art historian]]. While Greenberg is primarily thought of as a [[formalist]] [[art critic]] many of his most important essays are crucial to the understanding of [[Modern art]] history, and the history of [[Modernism]].<ref>[https://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/postmodernism.html Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism], seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006</ref>
==Marxist art historians==
==Marxist art historians==
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Aesthetics]]
* [[Aesthetics]]
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
==External links==
==External links==
'''General'''
'''General'''
* ''[http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collections]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries
* ''[https://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/art-design/artandartistfiles/ Art and Artist Files in the Smithsonian Libraries Collections]'' (2005) Smithsonian Digital Libraries
*''[http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/hmsg_audiotapes.htm Artists on Tape]'': List of Audio Tapes at The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries
*''[https://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/hmsg_audiotapes.htm Artists on Tape]'': List of Audio Tapes at The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries
*[http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20070824507606600.htm Article on Art in Ancient India]
*[https://www.flonnet.com/stories/20070824507606600.htm Article on Art in Ancient India]
*''[http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/HMSG_video2003.pdf Artists on Film]'' List of Films and Videotapes: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries
*''[https://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/hmsg/HMSG_video2003.pdf Artists on Film]'' List of Films and Videotapes: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (2003) Anna Brooke Smithsonian Digital Libraries
*[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html In-depth directory of web links, divided by period]
*[https://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHLinks.html In-depth directory of web links, divided by period]
*[http://www.arthistoryunderground.com Art History Underground] - club at Columbia University
*[https://www.arthistoryunderground.com Art History Underground] - club at Columbia University
*[http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/vkk/vk_kunst_engl.html Virtual Catalogue for Art History (VKK)] - Catalog of periodicals, conference papers, festschriften, exhibition catalogues, etc.
*[https://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/vkk/vk_kunst_engl.html Virtual Catalogue for Art History (VKK)] - Catalog of periodicals, conference papers, festschriften, exhibition catalogues, etc.
'''Timelines'''
'''Timelines'''
*[http://metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm?HomePageLink=toah_l NYC Metropolitan Museum of Art ''Timeline of Art History'']
*[https://metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm?HomePageLink=toah_l NYC Metropolitan Museum of Art ''Timeline of Art History'']
*[http://www.historyexplorer.net/?Art_History_Timeline Art History timeline] at historyexplorer.net
*[https://www.historyexplorer.net/?Art_History_Timeline Art History timeline] at historyexplorer.net
'''Images'''
'''Images'''
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#arthistory Hundreds of Images from the History of Art, ordered from the earliest to the most modern.]
*[https://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#arthistory Hundreds of Images from the History of Art, ordered from the earliest to the most modern.]
'''Podcasts'''
'''Podcasts'''
*[http://www.smarthistory.org/blog smARThistory]
*[https://www.smarthistory.org/blog smARThistory]
'''Art historians'''
'''Art historians'''
*[http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ Biographical Dictionary of Art Historians] (free access, full text)
*[https://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ Biographical Dictionary of Art Historians] (free access, full text)
*Sr.[[Wendy Beckett]]
*Sr.[[Wendy Beckett]]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Art History]]
[[Category: Art History]]