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An '''automaton''' (plural: ''automata'' or ''automatons'') is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a [[robot]], more specifically an [[autonomous robot]].
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==Heading==
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===Topic: ''Group Dynamics''===
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===Group: [[Rio Rancho TeaM]]===
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==Facilitators==
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===Teacher: [[Unknown]]===
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===TR: [[Gerdean]]===
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==Session==
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===Opening===
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TEACHER:    Good afternoon.  I am going to spend some time with you without giving a name.  It seems names are, or can be, prejudicial.  There are some who won't even listen to what some teachers have to say because of one reason or another, just as there are some who won't listen to a T/R for one reason or another.  It is not as though I intend to accommodate all these limitations, but to help transcend the problem in this immediate configuration, including my T/R, who has by now developed a concept of who we are and what we are going to say based on our role in the universe hierarchy, not unlike many others who also share that opinion.
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===Lesson===
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In the days of yore, when we first started showing up, it was advisable to identify ourselves because you mortals are accustomed to attaching names to personalities and so you admittedly felt more connected to us when you had a name to which you could attach our personality but that too is a spiritual booby-trap because you have your own preconceived notions of what names represent, what names have more value than others, what people listen to certain teachers and not others, and so I am hoping to transcend that by not identifying myself. Perhaps we can just try to find the Spirit of Truth in our efforts.
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I understood you to say you were having difficulties with your group.  And before I even hear what the difficulties are, you might consider that if you were able to transcend your own prejudicial notions of who was going to say what, based on what you perceive their motives and aspirations to be, you might be able to hear with new ears.  But let me not prejudice you; rather, open the floor for your inquiry.  You came today with much eager anticipation of receiving counsel and I do not want to disappoint you.  Ask me.  What concerns you?
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===Dialogue===
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Student:         There is danger of personal rifts getting in the way of having a smooth-running study group, and of other people who aren't involved in the rift getting kind of torn between these two people, so that makes it difficult.  We'd like to stand our ground, I think, and say we are all equal to it.  It's sort of like handling two bull-headed people and determine how to resolve the differences they have.
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TEACHER:    You have two individuals?  Not three or five or eight, but two individuals who have differing approaches?  Is it these two people who are causing the rift?
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Student:          Yeah, it's sort of a rift between D and C.  Now, the rest of us, you know, we like them both.  And we understand that C talks a lot but we're working on ways to deal with that.  But D, apparently, has a personal conflict with C, and D considers it his group.  And that leaves the rest of us saying, 'we like the group but we don't necessarily agree that one person should lead over the others.'
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TEACHER:    Let's think about this.  Two men, D and C.  Each one feeling he has a responsibility to represent a perspective on behalf of the group and on behalf of Deity itself.  And yet this has given rise to a schism between the two with followers on each side.
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Student:          Stuck in the middle!  Not really wanting to take sides.
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TEACHER:    Well, there is no reason why anyone should take sides because it isn't your battle.  If there is a battle waging between D and C for supremacy, then the smartest thing you could do is completely remove yourself from it and not care who wins.  It's not your battle.  However, as you say, their carrying on affects the group.  Also implied is the regard you hold for each and so it must come about that each are able to uphold the role they have been given to do by Deity.  They need to learn to co-operate rather than compete.  That may well be the responsibility of the group, to become the leader in the situation.
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Instead of waiting for one of them to assume leadership, the group itself can assume leadership, for in the group there is the collective consciousness.  Might may not be right but it is what is, and so you need to stand up for the entity itself and find ways in which both those guys can serve without beating out the other.  Allowing one or the other to become the supreme ruler is defeating the purpose for all of you.  That is perhaps a paradigm that was useful in former times but in future times it will not work. You might as well begin now to learn to operate as a team, as a community, instead of as an organization that functions from the top down.
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It would seem that C is the intellectual and D is the businessman.  In the universe, you will notice that there are differing roles for differing personalities. Some have been created specifically to serve that purpose.  Once size does not fit all.  And obviously these are men of integrity and worthy of loyalty to the ideals they espouse.  And so you need to support them both and not get caught up in their struggle for supreme rule; that is not the solution.
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There are gifts and abilities that each of you has, and each is important.  Someone -- in this case yourself -- provides the environment, and the refreshments!  There are those who attend and contribute their thoughts and disciplines.  Sometimes they bring cake! There are those who organize and facilitate.  There are those who provide supporting data/ research, and there are those who play the devil's advocate and produce contrary attitudes and materials in order to keep a group on its feet.  All of these roles are to be appreciated for what they are and what they do.
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It seems the problem is in the idea of rulership/leadership.  And once you, as a group, realize your own leadership abilities and can let these fellows know that their vying for position at the table is creating havoc with the purpose of getting together, then you all begin to also lead.  Do not sit back and think it is a battle between those two alone; it is something the entire group needs to address, for the sake of the group.
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You mentioned in social discussion earlier that you thought you might step up and provide your own leadership angle for it is, after all, at your house, and this is an example of how it is that you expand the consciousness of a two-sided paradox.  Your position is as viable as anyone's, and those others who also attend the group have their reasons for being there and something they contribute.  No one is lesser.  Everyone has something they bring to the group to make it the group.
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As you know, anytime you have three or more together, you have a problem, and so there is nothing unique about this situation. It is the same that occurs in any group that has formed or ever will form.
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Student:          That's why I wanted to work through this and not disintegrate over it.
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TEACHER:    If you just disintegrate over it, you just put off your own evolution. Because if you don't learn it this go-round, you will have to learn it later.  And so disintegrating over it is really not the easier, softer way, it is just postponing the inevitable, and it is postponing it at the expense of those who would take advantage of the fact that there is a group that represents and sponsors what you do get to get together for.
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Student:          Well, I don't think we are going to disintegrate.  I think we are going to work it out.  I think the people of the group are strong enough and determined enough that we are not going to let this make a huge schism, we're going to work through this and work it out and come out on the other side here.  Please help us -- when it comes time -- to not disintegrate into some kind of name-calling.
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TEACHER:    When that occurs, then, you who know better must be the hero and do the right thing, even if you want to do that which makes you feel better and that is to fight along with everyone else in the fray.
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Student:          Food fight!  Yeah.  I know.  It's like a bunch of dogs.  One starts barking, they all start barking, you know?
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TEACHER:    Yes.  It is classic human behavior.  It is classic human behavior that borders their animal cousins far more than their supernal cousins.
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Student:          And we wonder why we don't progress.
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TEACHER:    You tend to burrow into your perspectives so comfortably that you fail to see the forest for the trees.
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Student:          And then when somebody points out all these trees to you, you take offense!  That's kind of hard, too, trying to point out -- not our flaws, but -- trying to keep the focus of the group going.
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TEACHER:    Everyone is flawed.  Everyone in the group is imperfect. On a finite level like this, that is stating the obvious.  In order to function, you need to get beyond that.  If that means that every time someone opens their mouth you must remind yourself that they are that way because that's as far as they've gotten and they don't need to meet your expectations.  You just have to have patience.  Perhaps it will inspire you to be a better teacher, or a better example. The challenge is really yours!
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Student:          Mine individually, or mine collectively?
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TEACHER:    Everyone's individually: yours and yours and yours and yours and yours.  Instead of waiting for someone to fix it, instead of waiting for someone else to set the example, you need to set the example. Gradually and eventually others will get the point.
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Perhaps eventually, even in your lifetime, you will see that more people have gotten the point than those who didn't get the point and you will see how you have advanced socially as a result of this effort of advancing one person at a time into a greater paradigm, a greater reality.
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It is walking into the sun, into the sunlight of the spirit, from the forest in which you have been comfortably ensconced with your animal cousins, seeking protection from the open spaces.  But now we ask you to come into the light.  Bring your flaws -- as if you could leave them behind -- and transcend those in your efforts to learn to work together.  It is the work that is important, after all.
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The question is: what is the work?  How is that established?  In the establishment of what you have gathered together for are the seeds of malcontent or progress.  Is it something that everyone can support?  Is it a purpose everyone can get behind?  Or is it designed to serve only certain members?  If it is designed to serve only certain members, what are the others to do? Are they to serve you? Or do they serve another cause? Or do they serve the same cause through different means?
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Student:          Is that a question?
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TEACHER:    That is a rhetorical question.
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What are M and N to do if they are not respected as important parts of the group?  Are they to go play in traffic? Start their own group?  Or do they represent the Alpheus twins, who were just as much a part of the apostolic corps as Nathaniel and Andrew.  And their work was just as important.  The work they did for the ministry was such that it would not have been done as well without them.
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Student:          And their enthusiasm.
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TEACHER:    Yes, there may have been mayhem but for their ability to keep order, like ushers in a theater.  Even simple work is important work when you all work together.  The idea that the doctors and professors work is more important because they have more schooling and earn more money is part of the problem. The nurse and the garbage man may not make as much, may not have gone to as many classes, but assuredly their work is essential, for without their efforts, what good can the professor or the doctor do?  The thing is, the doctor and professor must learn to respect those whose work is not as glorified as theirs.
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Student:          Or what they think is glorified.
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TEACHER:    Living without germs and maggots and the stench of heaping swill allows everyone to be dignified and civilized. Nurses with their care and bedpan patrol, lifting, nurturing and all that they do to care for patients is sometimes considered more important that what the doctor does. Anyway, they cannot function without the other and so this is the lesson that your group is faced with.  You cannot function without each other.  You cannot function as a group without group cooperation -- at least to some extent!  And if it is not an extent that allows for some growth, there is no real point in it carrying on because it will simply stagnate and will rot on the vine.
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Student:          So to keep it active and alive and growing and good …
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TEACHER:    I would urge you to step forth.  I would urge the others to step forth.  And let it be known that each one is a leader in that group.  It is the facilitation, the teamwork that is important.
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Student:          Not who is going to be the leader.
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TEACHER:    There is much to be said for leaders.
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Student:          But not if it takes the place of … Well, D has been accused by C of being a dictator and we are his puppets.
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TEACHER:    Accusations can go both ways.  They are something the group mediator can handle.  When that kind of thing presents itself, direct your focus to the mediator, as if to call it to his/her attention.  If you are following your own guideline, you will be carrying your notebook and pencil and you can make a note of exactly what point the objectionable remark was made; recall the situation and discuss it at the end of the group.  This helps you iron things out.  It may also come to pass that the functioning of the group as a group, as imperfect and flawed it may be, is so satisfying and rewarding to all present, these peccadilloes of who rules will become less of an issue.  It's an age-old problem, my dear.
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Student:          Um-hum.  I'm sure.  That's why I think it's important we carry on and get through it and get it resolved and solved.  I tell people, you know, "You gotta nip it in the bud," and so maybe that's what we are doing.
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TEACHER:    You are right to work it through, however, than to just put on a happy face.  There is much made of civilized behavior, and sometimes the demand for civilized behavior is such that it contributes to a state of unreality.
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Student:          It also keeps people from saying what's on their mind or how they feel about something when they really should be speaking up about it -- in one minute or less.
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TEACHER:    Yes, everyone has a vote; everyone should express his or her position.  That's democracy, that’s fraternity, that’s equality, but you are right to put it within a time limitation, for those who have a bigger appetite for dissension and debate can feed on that energy and attempt to suck in everyone else as if they should equally enjoy the animosity and striving.  It well may be that those two fellows do not have enough to do.  They are not acknowledged sufficiently in their own lives and so they look for that honor and respect in the group to which they invest themselves.
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Student:          C's problem is the fact that nationwide he is sort of revered, and other people think he is just great, so that feeds his ego so he thinks he is just great and that everything he says we are just hanging on every word, when the reality is we would like to get back to our subject now.
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TEACHER:    In certain circles there are people who have mutual interests.  Let's say we are talking about the animal kingdom.  Let's go to the frog genus, and there is a scientist who has done intricate studies on a particular species of frog -- say the African Tree Frog -- and they are well-known throughout scientific circles as the most renown scholar on African Tree Frogs,  but there those who are not interest in reptiles in the least, who are, rather, interested in birds and so they are not interested in his expertise in and among those peers where that matters.
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There are also those who could not care less about birds or frogs but who are interested in contact sports, and so that enters into another dimension entirely of what interests people who comprise a group.  The point is to stay on track of what the group is for.  What is the group for?
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Student:          It is to read and study the Urantia Book.
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TEACHER:    That is fine, as a start, but are you the kind of group that will study the Foreword for 20 years? Are you the kind who wants to read the entire book in a year's time? Are you the kind who wants to talk about personality for two years? Are you the kind who wants to help its members become teachers and put on public demonstrations of their knowledge?  Is it the kind of group that will get into the religious life of Jesus in such a way as to implement those qualities in your own life? Is it a two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or four-dimensional experience to come to that group?  Just to sit and read and study the book is not well-defined enough.
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Student:          We're onto topics.  We do studies by topics. And then we'll read, develop, discuss whatever topic they are interested in, and then it will go on to somebody else to do their topic. Like most groups, people are reluctant to step up and they will let somebody else do it if somebody else is willing.
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TEACHER:    Then you have opened up the door for those who will take the lead to take the lead.  You will need to have a different format.
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Student:          We will need to have everybody equally involved.
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TEACHER:    You all do it together or you don't do it at all.  Like children, you all get the same sized cookie.   
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Student:          Right
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TEACHER:    And when these recalcitrant students discover that they are at fault -- that is to say they are culpable for the imbalance in the group, that by their not saying anything, those who will have taken over -- they will realize their duty to participate.  This is a value lesson that everyone in a democratic nation could take to heart. As long as you allow others to lead you and you neglect to participate in some way in the process, you are virtually allowing the powers-that-be to take over and put yourself in a position of following.  If you don't want to be a follower and subjected to what they do, then get involved.  Now, you are involved by default because you have two men vying for position.
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Think of it as Gabriel and Machiventa.  Gabriel is the Chief Executive of the universe of Nebadon.  Father Melchizedek is the firstborn son and elder in the schools, the education system throughout the spheres, so one is in administration, the other is in education.  In a college, you have the business office as well as the teaching staff, and so in your organization, if everyone understands their role, you can continue and stick to the same format, but it is not going to be "my role is more important that yours."
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We need you to do this for us.  We depend upon you to do what you say you will do, but no more, because the others in the organization also need to do their thing and express their participation.  And there are times then when it operates like a well run machine and no one is pushing heir agenda on anyone; it takes care of itself.  This is what you are aspiring toward, that the personalities slide into their place, so that the organism, the social organism can operate.
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Student:          I think we'll be okay.  It's just that turmoil is always hard, so we all have a littgle lesson to learn here.  I just feel that if we get too comfortable, our angels will give us a nudge.
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TEACHER:    There are also those who would say that at some point it may become clear to those who are ambitious that the others will just never step lively enough to suit them, and so they may decide to go off and create their own group, leaving those who are more complacent and who study at a lesser pace, to continue to be civilized and steady.  That's another solution.  But with a group of only 6 to 10 people, that's --
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Student:          That's not enough to make two groups, really.  I mean, look at -- here's the whole of Albuquerque and Rio Rancho and Gerdean has a hard time getting anybody to come to her groups … without expensive advertising.
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Gerdean:        I would be happy to go to their house if they wanted to, and let them do it, but I just don't see anything happening around here, so …. It ain't my fault!
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Student:          Draught.  Although there are a lot of enlightened people around, doing enlightened things!  Their searching just hasn't brought them to the Urantia Book yet.  There are some people that have found the Urantia Book, invited to group, haven't come, haven't come back.
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TEACHER:    There are a lot of people who are intimidated by the Book completely, and after they get the book and find out it is not as frightening as they feared it would be, are nonetheless intimidated, thinking other people who've got the book understand it better than they do, and it's an intellectual challenge to them, then, to allow themselves to be exposed to people who know more than they do.  This is one of the drawbacks of the intellectual approach.   
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This is why it is important that the Alpheus twins types to be a part of the group because they are able to put these people's minds at ease by living proof that the Master does not care about your intellectual standing; he cares about your heart space and your soul.
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Perhaps D is the heart of the group and C is the head.  If you don't have the heart and the mind working together, you can't get soul to express itself.  And if the group is the soul, then you have the heart and the head doing battle and nothing is coming out but a cacophony of noise that will not attract new people.  It will not cultivate those that already exist, so you have a choice of either standing up to the situation and putting it into it as a group or allowing their battle to destroy what you have created.
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Student:          And we don't want that.
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TEACHER:    It is understood that D has taken it upon himself a mantle, handed to him by the group's founder, and he is taking that very seriously with sincere integrity.  He has a legacy to uphold!  He remembers, perhaps, the days and hours spent with V’'s group -- the picnics, the camaraderie, the study -- and wants that legacy to be carried forward, knowing that such social fragrance can contribute to light and life; whereas C wants intellectual integrity.  He would not tolerate something like the Teaching Mission because it is too loosely woven.  He is the kind of fellow who wants to cross every T and dot every I.  And there is indeed a place for that kind of mind.  It may not be in a loosely woven group of new and or somewhat serious students.  His frustration levels must be overtaxed often.
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Student:          He is a teacher of adolescents, so I think he must be used to it by now.
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TEACHER:    Yes, but if he is a teacher of adolescents, and he puts you in a position of being adolescent, then he is looking down at you and you are absorbing that and acting adolescent.  You are acting out for him, and so you need to  –
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Student:          Which reconfirms his position.
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TEACHER:    -- which reconfirms his position.  And so you need to break away from that which he may be projecting for you and become self-acting.  You have been watching this ping-pong game for so long you have forgotten that you can turn out the light, and they cannot play in the dark.  In other words, you forget your own power.
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Student:          Well, I want everybody to start speaking up, too.  If they hear that somebody is saying something that is either degrading or a putdown or inappropriate, then they need to speak up and say that it’s inappropriate.
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TEACHER:    Yes.  In that, you need it to be made clear that not only are we studying the book, we are studying human behavior, because it is as much how we comport ourselves as how much we understand, that we assimilate when we attend these meetings.  We learn from each other as much as we learn from the book.  It was Jesus they loved, not what he taught.
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Student:          And yet, that is what he was trying to teach.  That it was not necessarily himself that they should revere, but understand the teachings he taught.
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TEACHER:    Yes.  While it is important what the facts are, as set forth in the revelation, it is also important to remember that you are admonished to love one another as Jesus loves you and he never browbeat his apostles with facts; he never made them take a quiz on the adjutant mind spirits or planetary seraphic government.  He never sent them out to build a coalition, or form a committee to take into the villages on behalf of the people.
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Now, there are others who can and will and should do that.  Perhaps it gets back to the heart and the mind of the mission -- the difference between D and C, or the difference between the Teaching Mission and the Monjoronson Mission, or the difference between Republicans and Democrats, or men and women.  There are usually two sides to the story, at least two that are most visible, but the actuality of the third element is (A) what causes trouble (B) what opens the paradigm; (C) involves everyone; (D) reflects the possibility of paradise trinity and paradise pattern.
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Those will come as a result of trusting God and trusting each other, and that will come when you are able to feel that your fellows love you as Jesus loved you, without discriminating, without favoritism, without regard for your name, background, age, race and all that.  He loved the Alpheus twins as much as he loved John and Peter.  He loved Judas and Simon and Thomas … and Mary.
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So no matter what the situation, “What would Jesus do?” is always a good question.  Or “What would I do, if I were Jesus?” or “What would I do if he were guiding me?”  For these are indeed your circumstances. These are your growth opportunities.  These are your challenges as they are also of the others in the group of which you are a part.
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Student:                      I liken it to a really dysfunctional family.  You know, families get together at holidays and all the dysfunctionality comes out and yet they really love each other; they are all related; they all have history together, and I think there are bonds of affection.  People’s work and trauma-dramas and all, do play out when they really don’t need to be brought into the group, but I love them anyway.
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TEACHER:    Yes, they understand their kin.  Family members understand other family members.  You understand your cousin Melvin has a hair lip and your niece Grace has naturally curly hair.
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Student:          You know, it’s interesting, in our study, because we are studying personality and the soul and self-consciousness and I think it’s interesting that all of this comes up as a study of personality and identity and how these people are identifying themselves to others in the group.
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TEACHER:    Part of the difficulty is when one who presumes to know wants others to know their own perception.  That is not necessary. If you think your brother is a sociopath, you need not advise your sister unless and until she is becoming mentally ill by her association with him and everyone wonders “What’s wrong with her?”  Then you can tell her there is nothing wrong with her but that she is allowing someone else to influence her perspective of herself. 
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Stand behind what is good and right. You don’t have to destroy what is imperfect, just stand behind what is noble and good. Eventually you will learn that it’s easier this way but it’s very difficult to soar with eagles when you’re hanging around with turkeys.  It also may seem lonely to be flying around up there while the gaggle of geese and—
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Student:          -- and hens are all cackling –
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TEACHER:    -- merrily.
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Student:          Thank you very much for all your advice.
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TEACHER:    Human Associations are perhaps the most important thing you can be working on now.  After having given yourself a good going over, this is the work at hand.  There will not be much progress without these cornerstones being laid, these foundations being laid. Once you know who you are, you are going to want to associate with others and that is a lot of work, a lot of adaptation is necessary, but this is something that you will be learning throughout the morontia zones -- and even beyond -- so it is important.
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It may be irksome but you see the end in sight, you see the goal, you know how it can function.  Try not to limit your preconceived notions of how it should function for it may be much bigger or better than you have imagined.  Just allow it to grow but allow everyone to grow together and at a pace they are able to assimilate.
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One of the greater tasks of those who have much to offer is to remain students and remain teachable.  We will let you know when you have graduated.  You will be fused!
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Student:          Well thanks for your patience.  It could be a long journey.
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TEACHER:    Gerdean, did you have any questions?
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Gerdean:        Oh!  I was enjoying the lesson and thinking of those in terms of the Monjoronson /TeaM faction – the forest that I seem to have wandered into and can’t find my way out of.  I will take value lessons from what you said and see if I can apply it to that paradigm, that group, or  that interaction between those people of which I am a part.  So I am sure I got something out of this.
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I’d like to put in a request for another T/R in this area.  I need a T/R here that I can hear, whether it’s a traveling T/R or a New Age channeler, or somebody!  I need to learn from somebody.  I need to remain a student, and so I’m putting in for an imported instructor of one sort or another.
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Student:          B really liked what she read of Jeremiah’s piece on the Correcting Time and got very excited; she is open to the concept.  I’ll work on her.  It would be nice to have a teacher come to Santa Fe, too.
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===Closing===
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TEACHER:    It’s nice to be able to talk these things over with a calm mind and an open heart, to take the time to dwell on such things as personal perceptions and interpersonal relationships and how they impact on the world in which you live.  For as you live and as you relate to your environment, you affect all the world and the future.  You fraternize with destiny.  Every decision counts.
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I will cut you loose for this afternoon with thanks for the opportunity to practice this craft.
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Student:          Thank you, for your advice and counsel.
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TEACHER:    You are welcome.  Farewell.
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== Etymology ==
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[[Category: The Teaching Mission: Dialogues]]
The word ''Automaton'' is derived from the [[Greek]] ''αὐτόματος'',... ''automatos'', “acting of one’s own will”. It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions.
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[[Category: Rio Rancho TeaM]]
 
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[[Category: Unknown]]
An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot.
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[[Category: Gerdean]]
 
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[[Category: Groups]]
The word '''Automaton''' is derived from the Greek αὐτόματος,... automatos, “acting of one’s own will”. It is more often used to describe non-electronic moving machines, especially those that have been made to resemble human or animal actions, such as the jacks on old public striking clocks, or the cuckoo and any other animated figures on a cuckoo clock.
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[[Category: Relationship]]
==Ancient automata==
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[[Category: 2009]]
The automata in the Hellenistic world were intended as toys, religious idols to impress worshipers, or tools for demonstrating basic scientific principles, including those built by Hero of Alexandria (sometimes known as Heron). When his writings on hydraulics, pneumatics, and mechanics were translated into Latin in the sixteenth century, Hero’s readers initiated reconstruction of his machines, which included siphons, a fire engine, a water organ, the aeolipile, and a programmable cart.[1]
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Complex mechanical devices are known to have existed in ancient Greece, though the only surviving example is the Antikythera mechanism. It is thought to have come originally from Rhodes, where there was apparently a tradition of mechanical engineering; The island was renowned for its automata; to quote Pindar's seventh Olympic Ode:
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::The animated figures stand
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::Adorning every public street
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::And seem to breathe in stone, or
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::move their marble feet.
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However, information gleaned from recent scans of the fragments indicate that it may have come from the colonies of Corinth in Sicily and implies a connection with Archimedes.
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There are also examples from myth: Daedalus used quicksilver to install a voice in his statues. Hephaestus created automata for his workshop: Talos, an artificial man of bronze, and, according to Hesiod, the woman Pandora.
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According to Jewish tradition, Solomon used his wisdom to design a throne with mechanical animals which hailed him as king when he ascended it; upon sitting down an eagle would place a crown upon his head, and a dove would bring him a Torah scroll.
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In ancient China, a curious account on automata is found in the Lie Zi text, written in the 3rd century BC. Within it there is a description of a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (1023-957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork (Wade-Giles spelling):
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The king stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that anyone would have taken it for a live human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began singing, perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it began posturing, keeping perfect time...As the performance was drawing to an end, the robot winked its eye and made advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became incensed and would have had Yen Shih [Yan Shi] executed on the spot had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the robot to pieces to let him see what it really was. And, indeed, it turned out to be only a construction of leather, wood, glue and lacquer, variously coloured white, black, red and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the internal organs complete—liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines; and over these again, muscles, bones and limbs with their joints, skin, teeth and hair, all of them artificial...The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth could no longer speak; he took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys and the legs lost their power of locomotion. The king was delighted.[2]
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In the 8th century, the Muslim alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), included recipes for constructing artificial snakes, scorpions, and humans which would be subject to their creator's control in his coded Book of Stones. In 827, Caliph Al-Ma'mun had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad, which had the features of an automatic machine. There were metal birds that sang automatically on the swinging branches of this tree built by Muslim inventors and engineers at the time.[3] The Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir also had a golden tree in his palace in Baghdad in 915, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing.[4] In the 9th century, the Banū Mūsā brothers invented a programmable automatic flute player and which they described in their Book of Ingenious Devices.[5]
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==Automata from the 13th to 19th centuries==
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Al-Jazari described complex programmable humanoid automata amongst other machines he designed and constructed in the “Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices” in 1206.[6] His automaton was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bump into little levers that operate the percussion. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.[7] According to Charles B. Fowler, the automata were a "robot band" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."[8]
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Al-Jazari also invented a hand washing automaton first employing the flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets. It features a female automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin.[9] His "peacock fountain" was another more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and towels. Mark E. Rosheim describes it as follows: "Pulling a plug on the peacock's tail releases water out of the beak; as the dirty water from the basin fills the hollow base a float rises and actuates a linkage which makes a servant figure appear from behind a door under the peacock and offer soap. When more water is used, a second float at a higher level trips and causes the appearance of a second servant figure — with a towel!"[10] Al-Jazari thus appears to have been the first inventor to display an interest in creating human-like machines for practical purposes such as manipulating the environment for human comfort.[11]
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Villard de Honnecourt, in his 1230s sketchbook, show plans for animal automata and an angel that perpetually turns to face the sun.
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The Chinese author Xiao Xun wrote that when the Ming Dynasty founder Hongwu (r. 1368–1398) was destroying the palaces of Khanbaliq belonging to the previous Yuan Dynasty, there were—amongst many other mechanical devices—automatons found that were in the shape of tigers.[12]
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Leonardo da Vinci sketched a more complex automaton around the year 1495. The design of Leonardo's robot was not rediscovered until the 1950s. The robot, which appears in Leonardo's sketches, could, if built successfully, move its arms, twist its head, and sit up. The device was built and it actually functioned.[citation needed]
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The Renaissance witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata. Hero's treatises were edited and translated into Latin and Italian. Numerous clockwork automata were manufactured in the 16th century, principally by the goldsmiths of the Free Imperial Cities of central Europe. These wondrous devices found a home in the cabinet of curiosities or Wunderkammern of the princely courts of Europe. Hydraulic and pneumatic automata, similar to those described by Hero, were created for garden grottoes.
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A new attitude towards automata is to be found in Descartes when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines - the bones, muscles and organs could be replaced with cogs, pistons and cams. Thus mechanism became the standard to which Nature and the organism was compared. France in the 17th century was the birthplace of those ingenious mechanical toys that were to become prototypes for the engines of the Industrial Revolution. Thus, in 1649, when Louis XIV was still a child, an artisan named Camus designed for him a miniature coach, and horses complete with footmen, page and a lady within the coach; all these figures exhibited a perfect movement. According to P. Labat, General de Gennes constructed, in 1688, in addition to machines for gunnery and navigation, a peacock that walked and ate. The Jesuit Athanasius Kircher produced many automatons to create Jesuit shows, including a statue which spoke and listened via a speaking tube.
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The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be The Flute Player, invented by the French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson in 1737. He also constructed the Digesting Duck, a mechanical duck that gave the false illusion of eating and defecating, seeming to endorse Cartesian ideas that animals are no more than machines of flesh.
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In 1769, a chess-playing machine called the Turk, created by Wolfgang von Kempelen, made the rounds of the courts of Europe purporting to be an automaton. The Turk was operated from inside by a hidden human director, and was not a true automaton.
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Other 18th century automaton makers include the prolific Frenchman Pierre Jaquet-Droz (see Jaquet-Droz automata) and his contemporary Henri Maillardet. Maillardet, a Swiss mechanician, created an automaton capable of drawing four pictures and writing three poems. Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at the Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia. Belgian-born John Joseph Merlin created the mechanism of the Silver Swan automaton, now at Bowes Museum.[13]
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According to philosopher Michel Foucault, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, was "obsessed" with automata.[14] According to Manuel de Landa, "he put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors."
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Japan adopted automata during the Edo period (1603-1867); they were known as karakuri ningyō.
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The famous magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin (1805 - 1871) was known for creating automata for his stage shows.
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The period 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". During this period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived in Paris. From their workshops they exported thousands of clockwork automata and mechanical singing birds around the world. It is these French automata that are collected today, although now rare and expensive they attract collectors worldwide. The main French makers were Vichy, Roullet & Decamps, Lambert, Phalibois, Renou and Bontems.
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==Contemporary automata==
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Contemporary automata continue this tradition with an emphasis on art, rather than technological sophistication. Contemporary automata are represented by the works of Cabaret Mechanical Theatre in the United Kingdom and Dug North and Chomick+Meder,[15] Thomas Kuntz[16] and Joe Jones in the United States.
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An evolution of the mechanized toys developed during the 18th and 19th centuries is represented by automata made with paper. Despite the relative simplicity of the material, paper automata intrinsically are objects with a high degree of technology, where the principles of mechanics meet the artistic creativity.
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==Other historic examples==
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Other notable examples of automata include Archytas's dove, mentioned by Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. L. 10; and Regiomontanus's wooden eagle and iron fly, the former which, as Hakewill relates, flew forth of the city, met the emperor, saluted him, and returned. It is said that the iron fly flew out of Regiomontanus's hands at a feast, and taking a round, returned to him.[17] Similar Chinese accounts of flying automata are written of the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban, who made artificial wooden birds (ma yuan) that could successfully fly according to the Han Fei Zi and other texts.[18]
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The Smithsonian Institution has in its collection a clockwork monk, about 15 in (380 mm) high, possibly dating as early as 1560. The monk is driven by a key-wound spring and walks the path of a square, striking his chest with his right arm, while raising and lowering a small wooden cross and rosary in his left hand, turning and nodding his head, rolling his eyes, and mouthing silent obsequies. From time to time, he brings the cross to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that the monk was manufactured by Juanelo Turriano, mechanician to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[19]
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==References==
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*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2''. England: Cambridge University Press.
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==Notes==
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# Noel Sharkey (4 July 2007), A programmable robot from 60 AD, 2611, New Scientist
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# Needham, Volume 2, 53.
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# Ismail b. Ali Ebu'l Feda history, Weltgeschichte, hrsg. von Fleischer and Reiske 1789-94, 1831.
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# A. Marigny (1760). Histoire de Arabes. Paris, Bd. 3, S.206.
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# Teun Koetsier (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine theory 36, p. 590-591.
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# Al-Jazari - the Mechanical Genius, MuslimHeritage.com
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# A 13th Century Programmable Robot, University of Sheffield
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# Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", Music Educators Journal 54 (2): 45–49, doi:10.2307/3391092
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# Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, pp. 9–10, ISBN 0471026220
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# Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, p. 9, ISBN 0471026220
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# Rosheim, Mark E. (1994), Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics, Wiley-IEEE, p. 36, ISBN 0471026220
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# Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 & 508.
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# Bowes Museum: History of the Silver Swan
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# See Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, New York, Vintage Books, 1979, p.136: "The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power... The great book of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two registers: the anatomico-metaphysical register, of which Descartes wrote the first pages and which the physicians and philosophers continued, and the technico-political register, which was constituted by a whole set of regulations and by empirical and calculated methods relating to the army, the school and the hospital, for controlling or correcting the operations of the body. These two registers are quite distinct, since it was a question, on one hand, of submission and use and, on the other, of functioning and explanation: there was a useful body and an intelligible body... The celebrated automata [of the 18th century] were not only a way of illustrating an organism, they were also political puppets, small-scale models of power: Frederick, the meticulous king of small machines, well-trained regiments and long exercises, was obsessed with them."
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# Chomick+Meder
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# Artomic Automata
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# This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain. [1]
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# Needham, Volume 2, 54.
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# King, Elizabeth. "Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk" Blackbird 1.1 (2002) [2]
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==External links==
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*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/kinetic-arts/sculpture/automata.htm The Automata and Art Bots mailing list home page]
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*[http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm History]
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*[http://www.automatomania.com AutomatomaniA - The largest online gallery of automata]
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*[http://www.fi.edu/pieces/knox/automaton/index.html Maillardet's Automaton]
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*[http://www.karakuri.info/ Japanese Karakuri]
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*[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-8232(191304)10%3A4%3C511%3AHAICTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 J. Douglas Bruce, 'Human Automata in Classical Tradition and Mediaeval Romance', ''Modern Philology'', Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr., 1913), pp. 511-526]
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*[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0149-6611(192003)35%3A3%3C129%3ATPBAHA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 M. B. Ogle, 'The Perilous Bridge and Human Automata', ''Modern Language Notes'', Vol. 35, No. 3 (Mar., 1920), pp. 129-136]
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[[Category:General Reference]]
 

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