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===The Gutenberg Bible===

===The Gutenberg Bible===

This famous edition of the [[Vulgate]] was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts on which it was based, the [[Gutenberg Bible]] lacked a specific Apocrypha section;<ref> [http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html Scanned pages of the Gutenberg Bible]</ref> its [[Old Testament]] included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal, and those which [[Clement VIII]] would later move to the appendix.  The [[Prayer of Manasseh|Prayer of Manasses]] was located after the [[Books of Chronicles]], and [[1 Esdras|3]], [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] followed [[Book of Nehemiah|2 Esdras]], and [[Prayer of Solomon]] followed [[Ecclesiasticus]].

This famous edition of the [[Vulgate]] was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts on which it was based, the [[Gutenberg Bible]] lacked a specific Apocrypha section;<ref> [https://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html Scanned pages of the Gutenberg Bible]</ref> its [[Old Testament]] included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal, and those which [[Clement VIII]] would later move to the appendix.  The [[Prayer of Manasseh|Prayer of Manasses]] was located after the [[Books of Chronicles]], and [[1 Esdras|3]], [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] followed [[Book of Nehemiah|2 Esdras]], and [[Prayer of Solomon]] followed [[Ecclesiasticus]].

===The Luther Bible===

===The Luther Bible===

Martin Luther translated the [[Luther Bible|Bible into German]] during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in 1534.  His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called ''Apocrypha''. Books and portions of books not found in the Hebrew [[Tanakh]] were moved out of the body of the [[Old Testament]] to this section.<ref>[http://lutherbibel.net/biblia2 1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on-line]</ref> The books [[1 Esdras|1]] and [[2 Esdras]] were omitted entirely.<ref>Preface to the ''Revised Standard Version Common Bible''</ref>  Luther placed these books between the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament|New]] Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as ''inter-testamental books''.  Many twentieth century editions of the [[Luther Bible]] omit the Apocrypha section.

Martin Luther translated the [[Luther Bible|Bible into German]] during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in 1534.  His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called ''Apocrypha''. Books and portions of books not found in the Hebrew [[Tanakh]] were moved out of the body of the [[Old Testament]] to this section.<ref>[https://lutherbibel.net/biblia2 1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on-line]</ref> The books [[1 Esdras|1]] and [[2 Esdras]] were omitted entirely.<ref>Preface to the ''Revised Standard Version Common Bible''</ref>  Luther placed these books between the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament|New]] Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as ''inter-testamental books''.  Many twentieth century editions of the [[Luther Bible]] omit the Apocrypha section.

Luther also expressed some [[Antilegomena|doubts about the canonicity]] of four [[New Testament]] books: the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], the Epistles of [[Epistle of James|James]] and [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]], and the [[Book of Revelation|Revelation to John]].  He did not put them in a separate section, but he did move them to the end of the New Testament.<ref>[http://www.aomin.org/index.php?itemid=1892&catid=7 ''Six Points On Luther's "Epistle of Straw"''], 3 April 2007</ref>

Luther also expressed some [[Antilegomena|doubts about the canonicity]] of four [[New Testament]] books: the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], the Epistles of [[Epistle of James|James]] and [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]], and the [[Book of Revelation|Revelation to John]].  He did not put them in a separate section, but he did move them to the end of the New Testament.<ref>[https://www.aomin.org/index.php?itemid=1892&catid=7 ''Six Points On Luther's "Epistle of Straw"''], 3 April 2007</ref>

===The Clementine Vulgate===<!-- This section is linked from [[Deuterocanonical books]] -->

===The Clementine Vulgate===<!-- This section is linked from [[Deuterocanonical books]] -->

In 1592 [[Pope Clement VIII]] published his revised edition of the [[Vulgate]]. He moved three books not found in the [[Biblical canon|canon]] of the [[Council of Trent]] into an appendix, "''ne prorsus interirent''," "lest they utterly perish".<ref> [http://sacredbible.org/vulgate1861/scans/817-Apocrypha.jpg Introductory material to the appendix of the ''Vulgata Clementina'', text in Latin]</ref>

In 1592 [[Pope Clement VIII]] published his revised edition of the [[Vulgate]]. He moved three books not found in the [[Biblical canon|canon]] of the [[Council of Trent]] into an appendix, "''ne prorsus interirent''," "lest they utterly perish".<ref> [https://sacredbible.org/vulgate1861/scans/817-Apocrypha.jpg Introductory material to the appendix of the ''Vulgata Clementina'', text in Latin]</ref>

* [[Prayer of Manasseh|Prayer of Manasses]]

* [[Prayer of Manasseh|Prayer of Manasses]]

*[[2 Maccabees]]

*[[2 Maccabees]]

These books are also listed in ''Article VI'' of the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of the [[Church of England]].<ref>[http://www.episcopalian.org/pbs1928/articles/AnglicanTeaching/042.htm Article VI at episcopalian.org]</ref>

These books are also listed in ''Article VI'' of the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of the [[Church of England]].<ref>[https://www.episcopalian.org/pbs1928/articles/AnglicanTeaching/042.htm Article VI at episcopalian.org]</ref>

===Other 16th century Bible editions===

===Other 16th century Bible editions===

All King James Bibles published before 1640 included the Apocrypha. In 1826, the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] decided to refuse to distribute Bibles containing the Apocrypha. Since then most [[Modern English Bible translations|modern editions]] of the Bible and re-printings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha section. Many modern reprintings of the Clementine Vulgate and Douay-Rheims version no longer contain [[Biblical apocrypha#The Clementine Vulgate|the Apocrypha section]]. Many of the more modern translations and revisions do not contain an apocrypha section at all.

All King James Bibles published before 1640 included the Apocrypha. In 1826, the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] decided to refuse to distribute Bibles containing the Apocrypha. Since then most [[Modern English Bible translations|modern editions]] of the Bible and re-printings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha section. Many modern reprintings of the Clementine Vulgate and Douay-Rheims version no longer contain [[Biblical apocrypha#The Clementine Vulgate|the Apocrypha section]]. Many of the more modern translations and revisions do not contain an apocrypha section at all.

There are some exceptions to this trend, however. Some editions of the [[Revised Standard Version]] of the Bible include not only the Apocrypha listed above, but also the [[3 Maccabees|third]] and [[4 Maccabees|fourth]] books of the [[Maccabees]], and [[Psalm 151]]; the RSV Apocrypha also lists the [[Letter of Jeremiah]] (Epistle of Jeremy in the KJV) as separate from the book of Baruch. The American Bible Society lifted restrictions on the publication of Bibles with the Apocrypha in [[1964]].  The British and Foreign Bible Society followed in [[1966]].<ref>A Brief History of the [http://www.biblesociety.org/history.htm United Bible Societies]</ref> The Stuttgart edition of the [[Vulgate]] (the printed edition, not most of the on-line editions), which is published by the [[Bible Society|UBS]], contains the [[Biblical apocrypha#The Clementine Vulgate|Clementine Apocrypha]] as well as the [[Laodiceans|Epistle to the Laodiceans]] and [[Psalm 151]].

There are some exceptions to this trend, however. Some editions of the [[Revised Standard Version]] of the Bible include not only the Apocrypha listed above, but also the [[3 Maccabees|third]] and [[4 Maccabees|fourth]] books of the [[Maccabees]], and [[Psalm 151]]; the RSV Apocrypha also lists the [[Letter of Jeremiah]] (Epistle of Jeremy in the KJV) as separate from the book of Baruch. The American Bible Society lifted restrictions on the publication of Bibles with the Apocrypha in [[1964]].  The British and Foreign Bible Society followed in [[1966]].<ref>A Brief History of the [https://www.biblesociety.org/history.htm United Bible Societies]</ref> The Stuttgart edition of the [[Vulgate]] (the printed edition, not most of the on-line editions), which is published by the [[Bible Society|UBS]], contains the [[Biblical apocrypha#The Clementine Vulgate|Clementine Apocrypha]] as well as the [[Laodiceans|Epistle to the Laodiceans]] and [[Psalm 151]].

Brenton's edition of the [[Septuagint]] includes all of the Apocrypha found in the King James Bible with the exception of [[2 Esdras]], which is no longer extant in [[Koine Greek|Greek]].<ref>[http://earlyjewishwritings.com/2esdras.html 2 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com]</ref> He places them in a separate section at the end of his [[Old Testament]], following English tradition. In Greek circles, however, these books are not traditionally called ''Apocrypha'', but ''Anagignoskomena'', and are integrated into the [[Old Testament]].

Brenton's edition of the [[Septuagint]] includes all of the Apocrypha found in the King James Bible with the exception of [[2 Esdras]], which is no longer extant in [[Koine Greek|Greek]].<ref>[https://earlyjewishwritings.com/2esdras.html 2 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com]</ref> He places them in a separate section at the end of his [[Old Testament]], following English tradition. In Greek circles, however, these books are not traditionally called ''Apocrypha'', but ''Anagignoskomena'', and are integrated into the [[Old Testament]].

===Anagignoskomena===

===Anagignoskomena===

===Cultural impact===

===Cultural impact===

* Christopher Columbus was said to have been inspired by a verse from [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 6:42 to undertake his hazardous journey across the Atlantic.<ref> [http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/cwk/DOTTERER.CWK ''Christopher Columbus:  Motivations to Reach the Indies by Sailing West'', Janet L. Dotterer]</ref>

* Christopher Columbus was said to have been inspired by a verse from [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 6:42 to undertake his hazardous journey across the Atlantic.<ref> [https://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/cwk/DOTTERER.CWK ''Christopher Columbus:  Motivations to Reach the Indies by Sailing West'', Janet L. Dotterer]</ref>

* The ''[[introit|introitus]]'', "Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them", of the traditional [[Requiem]] in the Catholic Church is loosely based on [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 2:34-35.

* The ''[[introit|introitus]]'', "Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them", of the traditional [[Requiem]] in the Catholic Church is loosely based on [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 2:34-35.

* The alternative ''[[introit|introitus]]'' for [[Quasimodo Sunday]] in the [[Roman rite]] of the Catholic Church is loosely based on [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 2:36-37.

* The alternative ''[[introit|introitus]]'' for [[Quasimodo Sunday]] in the [[Roman rite]] of the Catholic Church is loosely based on [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] 2:36-37.

===Vulgate prologues===

===Vulgate prologues===

[[Jerome]] completed his version of the Bible, the [[Vulgate|Latin Vulgate]], in 405. In the middle ages the Vulgate became the de facto standard version of the Bible in the [[Western Europe|West]]. These Bibles were divided into [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testaments|New]] Testaments only; there was no separate Apocrypha section. Nevertheless, the Vulgate manuscripts included prologues<ref> [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml ''Prologues of Saint Jerome'', Latin text] </ref>  which clearly identified certain books of the Vulgate Old Testament as apocryphal or non-canonical. In the prologue to the [[books of Samuel]] and [[Books of Kings|Kings]], which is often called the ''Prologus Galeatus'', Jerome described those books not translated from the Hebrew as apocrypha; he specifically mentions that [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], the [[Ecclesiasticus|book of Jesus son of Sirach]], [[Book of Judith|Judith]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]], and the [[The Shepherd of Hermas|Shepherd]] "are not in the canon". In the prologue to [[Book of Ezra|Esdras]] he mentions [[1 Esdras|3]] and [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] as being apocrypha. In his prologue to the books of Solomon, he mentioned "the [[Ecclesiasticus|book of Jesus son of Sirach]] and another ''[[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphos]]'', which is titled the [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom of Solomon]]". He says of them and [[Book of Judith|Judith]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]], and the [[Books of the Maccabees]], that the Church "has not received them among the canonical scriptures".

[[Jerome]] completed his version of the Bible, the [[Vulgate|Latin Vulgate]], in 405. In the middle ages the Vulgate became the de facto standard version of the Bible in the [[Western Europe|West]]. These Bibles were divided into [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testaments|New]] Testaments only; there was no separate Apocrypha section. Nevertheless, the Vulgate manuscripts included prologues<ref> [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml ''Prologues of Saint Jerome'', Latin text] </ref>  which clearly identified certain books of the Vulgate Old Testament as apocryphal or non-canonical. In the prologue to the [[books of Samuel]] and [[Books of Kings|Kings]], which is often called the ''Prologus Galeatus'', Jerome described those books not translated from the Hebrew as apocrypha; he specifically mentions that [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], the [[Ecclesiasticus|book of Jesus son of Sirach]], [[Book of Judith|Judith]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]], and the [[The Shepherd of Hermas|Shepherd]] "are not in the canon". In the prologue to [[Book of Ezra|Esdras]] he mentions [[1 Esdras|3]] and [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] as being apocrypha. In his prologue to the books of Solomon, he mentioned "the [[Ecclesiasticus|book of Jesus son of Sirach]] and another ''[[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphos]]'', which is titled the [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom of Solomon]]". He says of them and [[Book of Judith|Judith]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]], and the [[Books of the Maccabees]], that the Church "has not received them among the canonical scriptures".

He mentions the [[book of Baruch]] in his prologue to the [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremias]] and does not explicitly refer to it as apocryphal, but he does mention that "it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews". In his prologue to the [[Book of Judith|Judith]] he mentions that "among the Hebrews, the authority [of Judith] came into contention", but that it was "counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures" by the [[First Council of Nicaea]].  

He mentions the [[book of Baruch]] in his prologue to the [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremias]] and does not explicitly refer to it as apocryphal, but he does mention that "it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews". In his prologue to the [[Book of Judith|Judith]] he mentions that "among the Hebrews, the authority [of Judith] came into contention", but that it was "counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures" by the [[First Council of Nicaea]].