Changes

The term [[mind]] control (also referred to as “'''brainwashing''',” “coercive [[persuasion]],” “thought reform,” and the “systematic [[manipulation]] of [[psychological]] and social [[influence]]”) refers (according to Michael Langone) "to a [[process]] in which a [[group]] or [[individual]] systematically uses unethically manipulative [[methods]] to persuade others to [[conform]] to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the [[person]] being manipulated .[1] Various commentators identify broad ranges of psychological tactics seen as subverting individuals' sense of control over their own [[thinking]], [[behavior]], [[emotions]], or [[decision]] making.

The term [[mind]] control (also referred to as “'''brainwashing''',” “coercive [[persuasion]],” “thought reform,” and the “systematic [[manipulation]] of [[psychological]] and social [[influence]]”) refers (according to Michael Langone) "to a [[process]] in which a [[group]] or [[individual]] systematically uses unethically manipulative [[methods]] to persuade others to [[conform]] to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the [[person]] being manipulated .[1] Various commentators identify broad ranges of psychological tactics seen as subverting individuals' sense of control over their own [[thinking]], [[behavior]], [[emotions]], or [[decision]] making.

[[Theories]] of brainwashing and of mind control originally developed to explain how [[totalitarian]] regimes appeared to succeed systematically in indoctrinating [[Solitary confinement|prisoners of war]] through propaganda and [[torture]] [[techniques]]. These theories were later expanded or modified to explain a wider range of [[phenomena]], especially [[conversions]] to [[new religious movements]] (NRMs). Since their application to NRMs, mind control theories have become controversial within [[scientific]] and [[legal]] [[contexts]]; Both the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association American Psychological Association] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association American Sociological Association] have found no scientific [[Value|merit]] in them.[2]

[[Theories]] of brainwashing and of mind control originally developed to explain how [[totalitarian]] regimes appeared to succeed systematically in indoctrinating [[Solitary confinement|prisoners of war]] through propaganda and [[torture]] [[techniques]]. These theories were later expanded or modified to explain a wider range of [[phenomena]], especially [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion conversions] to [[new religious movements]] (NRMs). Since their application to NRMs, mind control theories have become controversial within [[scientific]] and [[legal]] [[contexts]]; Both the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association American Psychological Association] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association American Sociological Association] have found no scientific [[Value|merit]] in them.[2]

==The Korean War and the origin of brainwashing==

==The Korean War and the origin of brainwashing==

The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] records its earliest known [[English]]-language usage of "brainwashing" in an article by Edward Hunter in New Leader published on 7 October 1950. During the [[Korean War]], Hunter, who worked at the time both as a journalist and as a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence Agent U.S. intelligence agent], wrote a series of [[books]] and articles on the theme of Chinese brainwashing.[3]

The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] records its earliest known [[English]]-language usage of "brainwashing" in an article by Edward Hunter in New Leader published on 7 October 1950. During the [[Korean War]], Hunter, who worked at the time both as a journalist and as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence Agent U.S. intelligence agent], wrote a series of [[books]] and articles on the theme of Chinese brainwashing.[3]

The Chinese term 洗腦 (xǐ năo, literally "wash [[brain]]") originally referred to [[methodologies]] of coercive persuasion used in the 改造 (gǎi zào, "reconstruction", "[[change]]", "altering") of the so-called "feudal" (封建 fēng jiàn) [[thought]]-[[patterns]] of pre-revolutionary Chinese [[citizens]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist regime Maoist regime] in China aimed to [[transform]] individuals with a "feudal" or capitalist mindset into "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social [[system]]. To that end the regime developed [[techniques]] that would break down the [[psychic]] [[integrity]] of the individual with regard to [[information]] processing, information retained in the mind and [[personal]] [[values]]. Chosen techniques included the dehumanizing of individuals by keeping them in filth, sleep deprivation, partial sensory deprivation, psychological harassment, inculcation of [[guilt]], and group social [[pressure]]. The term punned on the Taoist custom of "cleansing/washing the [[heart]]" (洗心 xǐ xīn) prior to conducting certain [[ceremonies]] or entering certain holy places.

The Chinese term 洗腦 (xǐ năo, literally "wash [[brain]]") originally referred to [[methodologies]] of coercive persuasion used in the 改造 (gǎi zào, "reconstruction", "[[change]]", "altering") of the so-called "feudal" (封建 fēng jiàn) [[thought]]-[[patterns]] of pre-revolutionary Chinese [[citizens]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist regime Maoist regime] in China aimed to [[transform]] individuals with a "feudal" or capitalist mindset into "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social [[system]]. To that end the regime developed [[techniques]] that would break down the [[psychic]] [[integrity]] of the individual with regard to [[information]] processing, information retained in the mind and [[personal]] [[values]]. Chosen techniques included the dehumanizing of individuals by keeping them in filth, sleep deprivation, partial sensory deprivation, psychological harassment, inculcation of [[guilt]], and group social [[pressure]]. The term punned on the Taoist custom of "cleansing/washing the [[heart]]" (洗心 xǐ xīn) prior to conducting certain [[ceremonies]] or entering certain holy places.

Hunter and those who picked up the Chinese term used it to explain why, unlike in earlier [[wars]], a [[relatively]] high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war. It was believed that the Chinese in North Korea used such [[techniques]] to disrupt the ability of captured troops to effectively organize and [[resist]] their imprisonment.

Hunter and those who picked up the Chinese term used it to explain why, unlike in earlier [[wars]], a [[relatively]] high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war. It was believed that the Chinese in North Korea used such [[techniques]] to disrupt the ability of captured troops to effectively organize and [[resist]] their imprisonment.

==New religious movements (NRMs) and the shift of focus==

==New religious movements (NRMs) and the shift of focus==

After the [[Korean war]] applications of mind control [[theories]] in the United States shifted in [[focus]] from [[politics]] to [[religion]]. Starting in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s 1060's] an increasing number of American youths were coming into contact with [[new religious movements]], and those who converted suddenly adopted [[beliefs]] and [[behaviors]] that differed greatly from those of their [[Family|families]] and [[friends]]; in some cases they neglected or even broke contact with their loved ones. In the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970's 1970s] the anti-[[cult]] [[movement]] applied mind control theories to explain these sudden and seemingly dramatic [[religious]] conversions.[6][7][8] The [[media]] was quick to follow suit,[9] and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated [[models]] of brainwashing.[7] While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, [[sociologists]] were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs.[10] In the years that followed, brainwashing controversies developed between NRM members, various academic [[researchers]], and cult critics.

After the [[Korean war]] applications of mind control [[theories]] in the United States shifted in [[focus]] from [[politics]] to [[religion]]. Starting in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s 1960's] an increasing number of American youths were coming into contact with [[new religious movements]], and those who converted suddenly adopted [[beliefs]] and [[behaviors]] that differed greatly from those of their [[Family|families]] and [[friends]]; in some cases they neglected or even broke contact with their loved ones. In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970's 1970s] the anti-[[cult]] [[movement]] applied mind control theories to explain these sudden and seemingly dramatic [[religious]] conversions.[6][7][8] The [[media]] was quick to follow suit,[9] and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated [[models]] of brainwashing.[7] While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, [[sociologists]] were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs.[10] In the years that followed, brainwashing controversies developed between NRM members, various academic [[researchers]], and cult critics.

 

==Theories of mind control and religious conversion==

==Theories of mind control and religious conversion==

Over the years various theories of conversion and member retention have been proposed that link mind control to NRMs, and particularly those religious [[movements]] referred to as "[[cults]]" by their [[critics]]. These theories resemble the [[original]] [[political]] brainwashing theories with some minor changes. For instance Philip Zimbardo discusses mind control as "the [[process]] by which [[individual]] or [[collective]] freedom of [[choice]] and [[action]] is compromised by [[agents]] or agencies that modify or distort [[perception]], [[motivation]], affect, [[cognition]] and/or [[behavior]]al outcomes,"[11] and he suggests that any [[human being]] is susceptible to such manipulation.[12] In a 1999 book Robert Lifton also applied his original [[ideas]] about thought reform to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrkyo Aum Shinrikyo], concluding that in this [[context]] thought reform was possible without [[violence]] or physical [[coercion]]. Margaret Singer, who also spent time studying the [[political]] brainwashing of Korean prisoners of war, agreed with this conclusion: in her book ''Cults in Our Midst'' she describes six conditions which would create an atmosphere in which thought reform is possible.[13]

Over the years various theories of conversion and member retention have been proposed that link mind control to NRMs, and particularly those religious [[movements]] referred to as "[[cults]]" by their [[critics]]. These theories resemble the [[original]] [[political]] brainwashing theories with some minor changes. For instance Philip Zimbardo discusses mind control as "the [[process]] by which [[individual]] or [[collective]] freedom of [[choice]] and [[action]] is compromised by [[agents]] or agencies that modify or distort [[perception]], [[motivation]], affect, [[cognition]] and/or [[behavior]]al outcomes,"[11] and he suggests that any [[human being]] is susceptible to such manipulation.[12] In a 1999 book Robert Lifton also applied his original [[ideas]] about thought reform to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrkyo Aum Shinrikyo], concluding that in this [[context]] thought reform was possible without [[violence]] or physical [[coercion]]. Margaret Singer, who also spent time studying the [[political]] brainwashing of Korean prisoners of war, agreed with this conclusion: in her book ''Cults in Our Midst'' she describes six conditions which would create an atmosphere in which thought reform is possible.[13]

 

==Deprogramming and the anti-cult movement==

==Deprogramming and the anti-cult movement==

The [[theories]] of Singer, Lifton and other [[researchers]] have been adopted and adapted by both academic and non-academic destructive [[cult]] [[critics]] from the inception of the anti-cult movement. These critics often argue that certain religious groups use mind control techniques to unethically recruit and maintain members. At first many of these critics advocated or engaged in deprogramming as a [[method]] to liberate group members from apparent "brainwashing". However the [[practice]] of coercive deprogramming fell out of favor in the West and was largely replaced by exit [[counseling]]. For instance exit counselor Steve Hassan promotes what he calls the BITE model in his book ''Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves''.[15] The BITE model describes various controls over [[human]] 1) [[behavior]], 2) [[information]], 3) [[thought]], and 4) [[emotion]].[15] Hassan claims that cults recruit and retain members by using, among other things, systematic deception, [[behavior]] modification, the withholding of [[information]], and [[emotionally]] [[intense]] persuasion techniques (such as the induction of phobias). He refers to all of these techniques [[collective]]ly as mind control.

The [[theories]] of Singer, Lifton and other [[researchers]] have been adopted and adapted by both academic and non-academic destructive [[cult]] [[critics]] from the inception of the anti-cult movement. These critics often argue that certain religious groups use mind control techniques to unethically recruit and maintain members. At first many of these critics advocated or engaged in deprogramming as a [[method]] to liberate group members from apparent "brainwashing". However the [[practice]] of coercive deprogramming fell out of favor in the West and was largely replaced by exit [[counseling]]. For instance exit counselor Steve Hassan promotes what he calls the BITE model in his book ''Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves''.[15] The BITE model describes various controls over [[human]] 1) [[behavior]], 2) [[information]], 3) [[thought]], and 4) [[emotion]].[15] Hassan claims that cults recruit and retain members by using, among other things, systematic deception, [[behavior]] modification, the withholding of [[information]], and [[emotionally]] [[intense]] persuasion techniques (such as the induction of phobias). He refers to all of these techniques [[collective]]ly as mind control.

Critics of mind control theories of conversion caution against the broader implications of these [[models]]. For instance, in the 1998 Enquete Commission report on "So-called Sects and Psychogroups" in Germany a review was made of the BITE model. The report concluded that "control of these areas of [[action]] is an inevitable component of social interactions in a [[group]] or [[community]]. The social control that is always associated with intense commitment to a group must therefore be clearly distinguished from the exertion of [[intentional]], methodical [[influence]] for the express [[purpose]] of [[manipulation]]."[16] Indeed virtually all of these models share the notion that converts are in [[fact]] innocent "victims" of mind-control techniques.[10] Hassan suggests that even the cult members manipulating the new converts may themselves be sincerely misled people.[17] By considering NRM members innocent "victims" of psychological coercion these theories open the door for psychological treatments.

Critics of mind control theories of conversion caution against the broader implications of these [[models]]. For instance, in the 1998 Enquete Commission report on "So-called Sects and Psychogroups" in Germany a review was made of the BITE model. The report concluded that "control of these areas of [[action]] is an inevitable component of social interactions in a [[group]] or [[community]]. The social control that is always associated with intense commitment to a group must therefore be clearly distinguished from the exertion of [[intentional]], methodical [[influence]] for the express [[purpose]] of [[manipulation]]."[16] Indeed virtually all of these models share the notion that converts are in [[fact]] innocent "victims" of mind-control techniques.[10] Hassan suggests that even the cult members manipulating the new converts may themselves be sincerely misled people.[17] By considering NRM members innocent "victims" of psychological coercion these theories open the door for psychological treatments.

Sociologists like Eileen Barker have criticized [[conversion]] theories precisely because they [[function]] to justify costly interventions like deprogramming or exit counseling.[18] For similar reasons scholars like Barker have also criticized mental health professionals like Margaret Singer for accepting lucrative expert witness jobs in court cases involving NRMs.[18] Singer was perhaps the most publicly notable scholarly proponent of "cult" brainwashing theories, and she became the [[focal]] point of the [[relative]] demise of those same theories within her [[discipline]].[7]

Sociologists like Eileen Barker have criticized [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion conversion] theories precisely because they [[function]] to justify costly interventions like deprogramming or exit counseling.[18] For similar reasons scholars like Barker have also criticized mental health professionals like Margaret Singer for accepting lucrative expert witness jobs in court cases involving NRMs.[18] Singer was perhaps the most publicly notable scholarly proponent of "cult" brainwashing theories, and she became the [[focal]] point of the [[relative]] demise of those same theories within her [[discipline]].[7]

 

==Scholarly opposition==

==Scholarly opposition==

James Richardson states that if the NRMs had access to powerful brainwashing techniques, one would expect that NRMs would have high growth rates, while in fact most have not had notable success in recruitment. Most adherents participate for only a short time, and the success in retaining members has been limited.[19] For this and other reasons, sociologists like David Bromley and Anson Shupe consider the [[idea]] that "[[cults]]" are brainwashing American youth to be "implausible."[20] In addition to Bromley, Thomas Robbins, Eileen Barker, Newton Maloney, Massimo Introvigne, John Hall, Lorne Dawson, Anson Shupe, Gordon Melton, Marc Galanter, Saul Levine (amongst other scholars researching NRMs) have [[argued]] and established to the satisfaction of courts, of relevant professional [[associations]] and of [[scientific]] [[communities]] that there exists no scientific [[theory]], generally accepted and based upon methodologically sound [[research]], that supports the brainwashing theories as advanced by the anti-cult movement.[21]

James Richardson states that if the NRMs had access to powerful brainwashing techniques, one would expect that NRMs would have high growth rates, while in fact most have not had notable success in recruitment. Most adherents participate for only a short time, and the success in retaining members has been limited.[19] For this and other reasons, sociologists like David Bromley and Anson Shupe consider the [[idea]] that "[[cults]]" are brainwashing American youth to be "implausible."[20] In addition to Bromley, Thomas Robbins, Eileen Barker, Newton Maloney, Massimo Introvigne, John Hall, Lorne Dawson, Anson Shupe, Gordon Melton, Marc Galanter, Saul Levine (amongst other scholars researching NRMs) have [[argued]] and established to the satisfaction of courts, of relevant professional [[associations]] and of [[scientific]] [[communities]] that there exists no scientific [[theory]], generally accepted and based upon methodologically sound [[research]], that supports the brainwashing theories as advanced by the anti-cult movement.[21]

==In popular culture==

==In popular culture==

===Print media===

===Print media===

*In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell George Orwell]'s novel [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty-Four] (published in 1949 before the popularization of the term "brainwashing"), the fictional [[totalitarian]] government of Oceania uses brainwashing-style [[techniques]] to erase nonconformist [[thought]] and [[rebellious]] [[personalities]].

*In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell George Orwell]'s novel [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four Nineteen Eighty-Four] (published in 1949 before the popularization of the term "brainwashing"), the fictional [[totalitarian]] government of Oceania uses brainwashing-style [[techniques]] to erase nonconformist [[thought]] and [[rebellious]] [[personalities]].

*In the [[novel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange A Clockwork Orange] by Anthony Burgess, the protagonist undergoes a re-[[education]] [[process]] called the "Ludovico technique" in an attempt to remove his [[violent]] tendencies.

*In the [[novel]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange A Clockwork Orange] by Anthony Burgess, the protagonist undergoes a re-[[education]] [[process]] called the "Ludovico technique" in an attempt to remove his [[violent]] tendencies.

*Vernor Vinge speculates on the application of [[technology]] to achieve brainwashing in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbows_End Rainbows End] (ISBN 0-312-85684-9), portraying separately the dangers of JITT (Just-in-time training) and the specter of YGBM (You gotta believe me). This picks up on themes of "mindrot" and controlled "Focus" in Vinge's 1999 [[novel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky A Deepness in the Sky].

*Vernor Vinge speculates on the application of [[technology]] to achieve brainwashing in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbows_End Rainbows End] (ISBN 0-312-85684-9), portraying separately the dangers of JITT (Just-in-time training) and the specter of YGBM (You gotta believe me). This picks up on themes of "mindrot" and controlled "Focus" in Vinge's 1999 [[novel]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky A Deepness in the Sky].

==Video media==

==Video media==

Brainwashing became a common trope of [[films]], television and [[games]] in the late t[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century twentieth century]: a convenient means of introducing [[changes]] in the [[behavior]] of characters and a device for raising [[tension]] and [[audience]] uncertainty in the climate of [[Cold War]] and outbreaks of [[terrorism]]. For a [[classic]] example:

Brainwashing became a common trope of [[films]], television and [[games]] in the late t[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century twentieth century]: a convenient means of introducing [[changes]] in the [[behavior]] of characters and a device for raising [[tension]] and [[audience]] uncertainty in the climate of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] and outbreaks of [[terrorism]]. For a [[classic]] example:

*the 1962 film The Manchurian Candidate makes the concept of brainwashing a central theme. Specifically, Communist brainwashers turn a soldier into an assassin through something akin to hypnosis.

*the 1962 film The Manchurian Candidate makes the concept of brainwashing a central theme. Specifically, Communist brainwashers turn a soldier into an assassin through something akin to hypnosis.

==See also==

==See also==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MKULTRA]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA MKULTRA]

==References==

==References==

# Langone, Michael. "Cults: Questions and Answers". www.csj.org. International Cultic Studies Association. Retrieved 2009-12-27. "Mind control (also referred to as 'brainwashing,' 'coercive persuasion,' 'thought reform,' and the 'systematic manipulation of psychological and social influence') refers to a process in which a group or individual systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated."

# Langone, Michael. "Cults: Questions and Answers". www.csj.org. International Cultic Studies Association. Retrieved 2009-12-27. "Mind control (also referred to as 'brainwashing,' 'coercive persuasion,' 'thought reform,' and the 'systematic manipulation of psychological and social influence') refers to a process in which a group or individual systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated."

# Zimbardo, P (1997). "What messages are behind today's cults?". Monitor on Psychology: 14.

# Zimbardo, P (1997). "What messages are behind today's cults?". Monitor on Psychology: 14.

# Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace, Margaret Thaler Singer, Jossey-Bass, publisher, April 2003, ISBN 0-78796-741-6]

# Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace, Margaret Thaler Singer, Jossey-Bass, publisher, April 2003, ISBN 0-78796-741-6]

# Taylor, Kathleen Eleanor (December). Brainwashing: The Dream of Mind Control. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780192804969. http://books.google.com/books?id=BIuju20yhDkC&dq. Retrieved 2009-07-30. "Your susceptibility to brainwashing (and other forms of influence) has much to do with the state of your brain. This will depend in part on your genes: research suggests that prefrontal function is substantially affected by genetics. Low educational achievement, dogmatism, stress, and other factors which affect prefrontal function encourage simplistic, black-and-white thinking. If you have neglected your neurons, failed to stimulate your synapses, obstinately resisted new experiences, or hammered your prefrontal cortex with drugs (including alcohol), lack of sleep, rollercoaster emotions, or chronic stress, you may well be susceptible to the totalist charms of the next charismatic you meet. This is why so many young people baffle their more phlegmatic elders by joining cults, developing obsessions with fashions and celebrities, and forming intense attachments to often unsuitable role models."

# Taylor, Kathleen Eleanor (December). Brainwashing: The Dream of Mind Control. Oxford University Press. p. 215. ISBN 9780192804969. https://books.google.com/books?id=BIuju20yhDkC&dq. Retrieved 2009-07-30. "Your susceptibility to brainwashing (and other forms of influence) has much to do with the state of your brain. This will depend in part on your genes: research suggests that prefrontal function is substantially affected by genetics. Low educational achievement, dogmatism, stress, and other factors which affect prefrontal function encourage simplistic, black-and-white thinking. If you have neglected your neurons, failed to stimulate your synapses, obstinately resisted new experiences, or hammered your prefrontal cortex with drugs (including alcohol), lack of sleep, rollercoaster emotions, or chronic stress, you may well be susceptible to the totalist charms of the next charismatic you meet. This is why so many young people baffle their more phlegmatic elders by joining cults, developing obsessions with fashions and celebrities, and forming intense attachments to often unsuitable role models."

# Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, Steven Hassan, Ch. 2, Aitan Publishing Company, 2000

# Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, Steven Hassan, Ch. 2, Aitan Publishing Company, 2000

# Final Report of the Enquete Commission on "So-called Sects and Psychogroups" New Religious and Ideological Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany

# Final Report of the Enquete Commission on "So-called Sects and Psychogroups" New Religious and Ideological Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany

*Zimbardo P (2002-11-01). "Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric?". Monitor on Psychology.

*Zimbardo P (2002-11-01). "Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric?". Monitor on Psychology.

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2927316845773056069 Mind Control: America's Secret War - The History Channel Video (2000)]

* [https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2927316845773056069 Mind Control: America's Secret War - The History Channel Video (2000)]

* [http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Social/Persuasion_and_Social_Influence/Brainwashing// Mind Control at the Open Directory]

* [https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Social/Persuasion_and_Social_Influence/Brainwashing// Mind Control at the Open Directory]

* [http://suppressedminds.com/mind-control-and-the-new-world-order-by-al-neal Mind Control and the New World Order by [[Al Neal]] (video)]

* [https://suppressedminds.com/mind-control-and-the-new-world-order-by-al-neal Mind Control and the New World Order by [[Al Neal]] (video)]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]