Difference between revisions of "Childhood"

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Childhood (being a child) is a broad term usually applied to the phase of development in humans between infancy and adulthood.
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'''Childhood''' (being a child) is a broad term usually applied to the [[phase]] of [[development]] in [[humans]] between infancy and adulthood.
 
 
 
==Age definition of a child==
 
==Age definition of a child==
In many countries there is an age of majority when childhood ends and a person legally becomes an adult. The age can range anywhere from 13 to 21, with 18 being the most common.
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In many countries there is an age of majority when childhood ends and a [[person]] legally becomes an adult. The age can range anywhere from 13 to 21, with 18 being the most common.
[[File:Child_development_stages.png]]
 
 
==Background and history==
 
==Background and history==
Philippe Ariès, an important French medievalist and historian, published a study in 1961 of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records. He found that before the seventeenth century, children were represented as mini-adults. Since then historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times. Before Ariès, George Boas had published The Cult of Childhood.
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ariès Philippe Ariès], an important French medievalist and historian, published a study in 1961 of [[paintings]], gravestones, furniture, and school records. He found that before the seventeenth century, children were represented as mini-adults. Since then historians have increasingly [[research]]ed childhood in past times. Before Ariès, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boas George Boas] had published The Cult of Childhood.
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<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Childhood''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Childhood this link].</center>
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During the [[Renaissance]], [[paintings|artistic depictions]] of children increased dramatically in Europe. This did not impact the social [[attitude]] to children much, however.
  
During the Renaissance, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically in Europe. This did not impact the social attitude to children much, however—see the article on child labour.
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The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era Victorian Era] has been described as a source of the modern institution of childhood. [[Ironically]], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution Industrial Revolution] during this era led to an increase in child labour, but due to the campaigning of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicals Evangelicals], and efforts of author [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_dickens Charles Dickens] and others, child labour was gradually reduced and halted in England via the Factory Acts of 1802-1878. The Victorians concomitantly emphasized the role of the [[family]] and the [[sacred|sanctity]] of the child, and broadly speaking, this [[attitude]] has remained dominant in Western societies since then.
  
The Victorian Era has been described as a source of the modern institution of childhood. Ironically, the Industrial Revolution during this era led to an increase in child labour, but due to the campaigning of the Evangelicals, and efforts of author Charles Dickens and others, child labour was gradually reduced and halted in England via the Factory Acts of 1802-1878. The Victorians concomitantly emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child, and broadly speaking, this attitude has remained dominant in Western societies since then.
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In the contemporary era Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg have constructed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory critical theory] of childhood and childhood [[education]] that they have labeled kinderculture. Kincheloe and Steinberg make use of multiple research and theoretical [[discourses]] (the bricolage) to study childhood from diverse [[perspectives]]—historiography, ethnography, [[cognitive]] research, media studies, cultural studies, [[political]] [[economic]] [[analysis]], [[hermeneutics]], [[semiotics]], [[content]] analysis, etc. Based on this multiperspectival [[inquiry]], Kincheloe and Steinberg contend that new times have ushered in a new era of childhood. [[Evidence]] of this dramatic cultural change is omnipresent, but many [[individuals]] in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have not yet noticed it. When Steinberg and Kincheloe wrote the first edition of [https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Kinderculture:+The+Corporate+Construction+of+Childhood.-a020583471 Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood] in 1997 (second edition, 2004) many people who made their living studying, [[teaching]], or caring for children were not yet aware of the [[nature]] of the [[changes]] in childhood that they encountered daily.
  
In the contemporary era Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg have constructed a critical theory of childhood and childhood education that they have labeled kinderculture. Kincheloe and Steinberg make use of multiple research and theoretical discourses (the bricolage) to study childhood from diverse perspectives—historiography, ethnography, cognitive research, media studies, cultural studies, political economic analysis, hermeneutics, semiotics, content analysis, etc. Based on this multiperspectival inquiry, Kincheloe and Steinberg contend that new times have ushered in a new era of childhood. Evidence of this dramatic cultural change is omnipresent, but many individuals in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have not yet noticed it. When Steinberg and Kincheloe wrote the first edition of Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood in 1997 (second edition, 2004) many people who made their living studying, teaching, or caring for children were not yet aware of the nature of the changes in childhood that they encountered daily.
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In the domains of [[psychology]], [[education]], and to a lesser degree [[sociology]] and cultural studies few observers before kinderculture had studied the ways that the [[information]] explosion so characteristic of our contemporary era (hyperreality) had operated to undermine [[traditional]] notions of childhood and change the terrain of childhood education. Those who have shaped, directed and employed contemporary information technology have played an exaggerated role in the reformulation of childhood. Of course, information technology alone, Kincheloe and Steinberg maintain, has not produced a new era of childhood. Obviously, numerous social, cultural, and political economic factors have operated to produce such changes. The central [[purpose]] of kinderculture is to socially, culturally, politically, and economically situate the changing historical [[status]] of childhood and to specifically interroge the ways diverse media have helped construct what Kincheloe and Steinberg call "the new childhood."  
 
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Kinderculture understands that childhood is an ever-changing social and historical [[artifact]]—not simply a [[biological]] entity. Because many psychologists have argued that childhood is a natural [[phase]] of growing up, of becoming an adult, Kincheloe and Steinberg coming from an educational [[context]] saw kinderculture as a corrective to such a "psychologization" of childhood.
In the domains of psychology, education, and to a lesser degree sociology and cultural studies few observers before kinderculture had studied the ways that the information explosion so characteristic of our contemporary era (hyperreality) had operated to undermine traditional notions of childhood and change the terrain of childhood education. Those who have shaped, directed and employed contemporary information technology have played an exaggerated role in the reformulation of childhood. Of course, information technology alone, Kincheloe and Steinberg maintain, has not produced a new era of childhood. Obviously, numerous social, cultural, and political economic factors have operated to produce such changes. The central purpose of kinderculture is to socially, culturally, politically, and economically situate the changing historical status of childhood and to specifically interroge the ways diverse media have helped construct what Kincheloe and Steinberg call "the new childhood." Kinderculture understands that childhood is an ever-changing social and historical artifact—not simply a biological entity. Because many psychologists have argued that childhood is a natural phase of growing up, of becoming an adult, Kincheloe and Steinberg coming from an educational context saw kinderculture as a corrective to such a "psychologization" of childhood.
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
*Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
 
*Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
Line 43: Line 42:
 
*Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
 
*Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
 
*Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001.
 
*Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001.
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==See also==
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*'''''[[Children]]'''''
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*'''''[[Parenting]]'''''
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==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://www.childhood.org/frame.aspx?lang=en World Childhood Foundation]
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*[https://www.childhood.org/frame.aspx?lang=en World Childhood Foundation]
  
 
[[Category: Psychology]]
 
[[Category: Psychology]]

Latest revision as of 23:42, 12 December 2020

Lighterstill.jpg

Childhood Friends.jpg

Childhood (being a child) is a broad term usually applied to the phase of development in humans between infancy and adulthood.

Age definition of a child

In many countries there is an age of majority when childhood ends and a person legally becomes an adult. The age can range anywhere from 13 to 21, with 18 being the most common.

Background and history

Philippe Ariès, an important French medievalist and historian, published a study in 1961 of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records. He found that before the seventeenth century, children were represented as mini-adults. Since then historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times. Before Ariès, George Boas had published The Cult of Childhood.

For lessons on the topic of Childhood, follow this link.

During the Renaissance, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically in Europe. This did not impact the social attitude to children much, however.

The Victorian Era has been described as a source of the modern institution of childhood. Ironically, the Industrial Revolution during this era led to an increase in child labour, but due to the campaigning of the Evangelicals, and efforts of author Charles Dickens and others, child labour was gradually reduced and halted in England via the Factory Acts of 1802-1878. The Victorians concomitantly emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child, and broadly speaking, this attitude has remained dominant in Western societies since then.

In the contemporary era Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg have constructed a critical theory of childhood and childhood education that they have labeled kinderculture. Kincheloe and Steinberg make use of multiple research and theoretical discourses (the bricolage) to study childhood from diverse perspectives—historiography, ethnography, cognitive research, media studies, cultural studies, political economic analysis, hermeneutics, semiotics, content analysis, etc. Based on this multiperspectival inquiry, Kincheloe and Steinberg contend that new times have ushered in a new era of childhood. Evidence of this dramatic cultural change is omnipresent, but many individuals in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have not yet noticed it. When Steinberg and Kincheloe wrote the first edition of Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood in 1997 (second edition, 2004) many people who made their living studying, teaching, or caring for children were not yet aware of the nature of the changes in childhood that they encountered daily.

In the domains of psychology, education, and to a lesser degree sociology and cultural studies few observers before kinderculture had studied the ways that the information explosion so characteristic of our contemporary era (hyperreality) had operated to undermine traditional notions of childhood and change the terrain of childhood education. Those who have shaped, directed and employed contemporary information technology have played an exaggerated role in the reformulation of childhood. Of course, information technology alone, Kincheloe and Steinberg maintain, has not produced a new era of childhood. Obviously, numerous social, cultural, and political economic factors have operated to produce such changes. The central purpose of kinderculture is to socially, culturally, politically, and economically situate the changing historical status of childhood and to specifically interroge the ways diverse media have helped construct what Kincheloe and Steinberg call "the new childhood." Kinderculture understands that childhood is an ever-changing social and historical artifact—not simply a biological entity. Because many psychologists have argued that childhood is a natural phase of growing up, of becoming an adult, Kincheloe and Steinberg coming from an educational context saw kinderculture as a corrective to such a "psychologization" of childhood.

References

  • Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
  • Boas, George. The Cult of Childhood. London: Warburg, 1966.
  • Brown, Marilyn R., ed. Picturing Children: Constructions of Childhood between Rousseau and Freud. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.
  • Buckingham, David. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Blackwell Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0745619339.
  • Bunge, Marcia J., ed. The Child in Christian Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
  • Calvert, Karin. Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
  • Cleverley, John and D.C. Phillips. Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. New York: Teachers College, 1986.
  • Cannella, Gaile and Joe L. Kincheloe. "Kidworld: Childhood Studies, Global Perspectives, and Education". New York: Peter Lang, 2002.
  • Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Longman, 1995.
  • Cunnington, Phillis and Anne Buck. Children’s Costume in England: 1300 to 1900. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1965.
  • deMause, Lloyde, ed. The History of Childhood. London: Souvenir Press, 1976.
  • Higonnet, Anne. Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1998.
  • Immel, Andrea and Michael Witmore, eds. Childhood and Children’s Books in Early Modern Europe, 1550-1800. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Kincaid, James R. Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.
  • Knörr, Jacqueline, ed. Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
  • Müller, Anja, ed. Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.
  • O’Malley, Andrew. The Making of the Modern Child: Children’s Literature and Childhood in the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 2003.
  • Pinchbeck, Ivy and Margaret Hewitt. Children in English Society. 2 vols. London: Routledge, 1969.
  • Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Postman, Neil. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994.
  • Schultz, James. The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages.
  • Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family.
  • Sommerville, C. John. The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
  • Steinberg, Shirley R. and Joe L. Kincheloe. Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Westview Press Inc., 2004. ISBN 081339157.
  • Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
  • Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001.

See also

External links