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The civilization of the ancient [[Greeks]] has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and arts, giving rise to the [[Renaissance]] in [[Western Europe]] and again resurgent during various [[Neoclassicism|neo-Classical]] revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and the [[Americas]].
The civilization of the ancient [[Greeks]] has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and arts, giving rise to the [[Renaissance]] in [[Western Europe]] and again resurgent during various [[Neoclassicism|neo-Classical]] revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and the [[Americas]].
==Chronology==
===Chronology===
There are no fixed or universally agreed upon dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the [[Roman Empire]], but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Greek-speaking [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] civilization that collapsed about [[1150 BC]], though most would argue that the influential [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] was so different from later Greek cultures that it should be classed separately.
There are no fixed or universally agreed upon dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the [[Roman Empire]], but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Greek-speaking [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] civilization that collapsed about [[1150 BC]], though most would argue that the influential [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] was so different from later Greek cultures that it should be classed separately.
These dates are historians' conventions and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of [[Christianity]] in the [[3rd century]].
These dates are historians' conventions and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of [[Christianity]] in the [[3rd century]].
==Origins==
===Origins===
The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the [[Balkan peninsula]] in several waves beginning in the late [[3rd millennium BC]], the last being the [[Dorian invasion]]. [[Proto-Greek]] is assumed to date to some time between the 23rd and 17th centuries BC. The period from [[1600 BC]] to about 1100 BC is described in [[History of Mycenaean Greece]] known for the reign of [[King Agamemnon]] and the wars against Troy as narrated in the epics of [[Homer]]. The period from 1100 BC to the [[8th century BC]] is a "[[Greek Dark Ages|Dark Age]]" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as [[Herodotus]]' [[Histories (Herodotus)|''Histories'']], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' ''Description of Greece'', [[Diodorus]]' ''Bibliotheca'', and [[Jerome]]'s [[Chronicon (Jerome)|''Chronicon'']] contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period. The history of Ancient Greece is often taken to end with the reign of [[Alexander the Great]], who died in [[323 BC]]. Subsequent events are described in [[Hellenistic Greece]].
The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the [[Balkan peninsula]] in several waves beginning in the late [[3rd millennium BC]], the last being the [[Dorian invasion]]. [[Proto-Greek]] is assumed to date to some time between the 23rd and 17th centuries BC. The period from [[1600 BC]] to about 1100 BC is described in [[History of Mycenaean Greece]] known for the reign of [[King Agamemnon]] and the wars against Troy as narrated in the epics of [[Homer]]. The period from 1100 BC to the [[8th century BC]] is a "[[Greek Dark Ages|Dark Age]]" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as [[Herodotus]]' [[Histories (Herodotus)|''Histories'']], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' ''Description of Greece'', [[Diodorus]]' ''Bibliotheca'', and [[Jerome]]'s [[Chronicon (Jerome)|''Chronicon'']] contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period. The history of Ancient Greece is often taken to end with the reign of [[Alexander the Great]], who died in [[323 BC]]. Subsequent events are described in [[Hellenistic Greece]].
Any history of Ancient Greece requires a cautionary note on sources. Those Greek historians and political writers whose works have survived, notably [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], [[Xenophon]], [[Demosthenes]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], were mostly either [[Athens|Athenian]] or pro-Athenian. That is why we know far more about the history and politics of Athens than of any other city, and why we know almost nothing about some cities' histories. These writers, furthermore, concentrate almost wholly on political, military and diplomatic history, and ignore economic and social history. All histories of Ancient Greece have to contend with these limits in [[Ancient Greek|their sources]].
Any history of Ancient Greece requires a cautionary note on sources. Those Greek historians and political writers whose works have survived, notably [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], [[Xenophon]], [[Demosthenes]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], were mostly either [[Athens|Athenian]] or pro-Athenian. That is why we know far more about the history and politics of Athens than of any other city, and why we know almost nothing about some cities' histories. These writers, furthermore, concentrate almost wholly on political, military and diplomatic history, and ignore economic and social history. All histories of Ancient Greece have to contend with these limits in [[Ancient Greek|their sources]].
==The rise of Greece==
===The rise of Greece===
In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the [[Phoenician alphabet]], modifying it to create the [[Greek alphabet]]. From about the 9th century BC written records begin to appear. Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut off from its neighbours by the sea or mountain ranges.
In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the [[Phoenician alphabet]], modifying it to create the [[Greek alphabet]]. From about the 9th century BC written records begin to appear. Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut off from its neighbours by the sea or mountain ranges.
At its economic height, in the 4th century BC, Ancient Greece was the most advanced economy in the world. According to some economic historians, it was one of the most advanced preindustrial economies. This is demonstrated by the average daily wage of the Greek worker, it was, in terms of wheat (about 12 kg), more than 3 times the average daily wage of the Romano-Egyptian worker during the Roman period (about 3.75 kg).<ref>Real Slave prices and the relative cost of slave labour in the Greco-Roman world</ref>
At its economic height, in the 4th century BC, Ancient Greece was the most advanced economy in the world. According to some economic historians, it was one of the most advanced preindustrial economies. This is demonstrated by the average daily wage of the Greek worker, it was, in terms of wheat (about 12 kg), more than 3 times the average daily wage of the Romano-Egyptian worker during the Roman period (about 3.75 kg).<ref>Real Slave prices and the relative cost of slave labour in the Greco-Roman world</ref>
==Social and political conflict==
===Social and political conflict===
The Greek cities were originally monarchies, although many of them were very small and the term "King" (''[[basileus]]'') for their rulers is misleadingly grand. In a country always short of farmland, power rested with a small class of landowners, who formed a warrior [[aristocracy]] fighting frequent petty inter-city wars over land and rapidly ousting the monarchy. About this time the rise of a mercantile class (shown by the introduction of [[currency|coinage]] in about [[680 BC]]) introduced class conflict into the larger cities. From [[650 BC]] onwards, the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by [[populist]] leaders called [[tyrant]]s (''turannoi''), a word which did not necessarily have the modern meaning of oppressive dictators.
The Greek cities were originally monarchies, although many of them were very small and the term "King" (''[[basileus]]'') for their rulers is misleadingly grand. In a country always short of farmland, power rested with a small class of landowners, who formed a warrior [[aristocracy]] fighting frequent petty inter-city wars over land and rapidly ousting the monarchy. About this time the rise of a mercantile class (shown by the introduction of [[currency|coinage]] in about [[680 BC]]) introduced class conflict into the larger cities. From [[650 BC]] onwards, the aristocracies had to fight not to be overthrown and replaced by [[populist]] leaders called [[tyrant]]s (''turannoi''), a word which did not necessarily have the modern meaning of oppressive dictators.
By the [[6th century BC]] several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: [[Athens]], [[History of Sparta|Sparta]], [[Corinth, Greece|Corinth]], and [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]]. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well. Athens and Sparta developed a rivalry that dominated Greek politics for generations.
By the [[6th century BC]] several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: [[Athens]], [[History of Sparta|Sparta]], [[Corinth, Greece|Corinth]], and [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]]. Each of them had brought the surrounding rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had become major maritime and mercantile powers as well. Athens and Sparta developed a rivalry that dominated Greek politics for generations.
In Athens, by contrast, the monarchy was abolished in [[683 BC]], and reforms of [[Solon]] established a moderate system of aristocratic government. The aristocrats were followed by the tyranny of [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Pisistratus]] and his sons, who made the city a great naval and commercial power. When the Pisistratids were overthrown, [[Cleisthenes]] established the world's first [[Athenian democracy|democracy]] ([[500 BC]]), with power being held by an assembly of all the male citizens. But it must be remembered that only a minority of the male inhabitants were citizens, excluding slaves, freedmen and non-Athenians.
In Athens, by contrast, the monarchy was abolished in [[683 BC]], and reforms of [[Solon]] established a moderate system of aristocratic government. The aristocrats were followed by the tyranny of [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Pisistratus]] and his sons, who made the city a great naval and commercial power. When the Pisistratids were overthrown, [[Cleisthenes]] established the world's first [[Athenian democracy|democracy]] ([[500 BC]]), with power being held by an assembly of all the male citizens. But it must be remembered that only a minority of the male inhabitants were citizens, excluding slaves, freedmen and non-Athenians.
==5th century BC==
===5th century BC===
The period of the 5th century BC in classical Greece is generally considered as beginning in 500 and ending in 404, though this is debated. This century is essentially studied from the Athenian viewpoint, since Athens has left us more narratives, plays and other written works than the other Greek states. If one looks at Athens, our principal source, one might consider that this century begins in 510, with the fall of the Athenian tyrant and Cleisthenes's reforms. If one looks at the whole Greek world, however, we might place its beginning at the Ionian revolt in 500, that provoked the Persian invasion of 492. The Persians (called "Medes") were finally defeated in 490. A second Persian attempt failed in 481-479. The [[Delian League]] then formed, under Athenian hegemony and as Athens' instrument. Athens' excesses caused several revolts among the allied cities, which were all put down by force, but Athenian dynamism finally awoke Sparta and brought about the Peloponnesian War in 431. After both sides were exhausted, a brief peace occurred, and then the war resumed to Sparta's advantage. Athens was definitively defeated in 404, and some internal Athenian agitations ended the 5th century in Greece.
The period of the 5th century BC in classical Greece is generally considered as beginning in 500 and ending in 404, though this is debated. This century is essentially studied from the Athenian viewpoint, since Athens has left us more narratives, plays and other written works than the other Greek states. If one looks at Athens, our principal source, one might consider that this century begins in 510, with the fall of the Athenian tyrant and Cleisthenes's reforms. If one looks at the whole Greek world, however, we might place its beginning at the Ionian revolt in 500, that provoked the Persian invasion of 492. The Persians (called "Medes") were finally defeated in 490. A second Persian attempt failed in 481-479. The [[Delian League]] then formed, under Athenian hegemony and as Athens' instrument. Athens' excesses caused several revolts among the allied cities, which were all put down by force, but Athenian dynamism finally awoke Sparta and brought about the Peloponnesian War in 431. After both sides were exhausted, a brief peace occurred, and then the war resumed to Sparta's advantage. Athens was definitively defeated in 404, and some internal Athenian agitations ended the 5th century in Greece.
===Cleisthenes===
====Cleisthenes====
In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow their king, the tyrant [[Hippias (son of Pisistratus)|Hippias]], son of [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Peisistratos]]. [[Cleomenes I]], king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by [[Isagoras]]. But [[Cleisthenes]], his rival, assisted by the support of the middle class and democrats, reversed this. Cleomenes intervened in 508 and 506, but could not stop Cleisthenes, now supported by the Athenians. By his reforms, Cleisthenes endowed the city with [[isonomic]] institutions (ie ones in which all have the same rights) and established [[ostracism]].
In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow their king, the tyrant [[Hippias (son of Pisistratus)|Hippias]], son of [[Peisistratos (Athens)|Peisistratos]]. [[Cleomenes I]], king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by [[Isagoras]]. But [[Cleisthenes]], his rival, assisted by the support of the middle class and democrats, reversed this. Cleomenes intervened in 508 and 506, but could not stop Cleisthenes, now supported by the Athenians. By his reforms, Cleisthenes endowed the city with [[isonomic]] institutions (ie ones in which all have the same rights) and established [[ostracism]].
===The Persian Wars===
===The Persian Wars===
In [[Ionia]] (the modern Aegean coast of [[Turkey]]) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as [[Miletus]] and [[Halicarnassus]], were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the [[Persian Empire]] in the mid 6th century BC. In [[499 BC]] the Greeks rose in the [[Ionian Revolt]], and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid, though they were at first quickly forced to back down after defeat in [[494 BC]] at the battle of Lade. Asia Minor returned to Persian control.
In [[Ionia]] (the modern Aegean coast of [[Turkey]]) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as [[Miletus]] and [[Halicarnassus]], were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the [[Persian Empire]] in the mid 6th century BC. In [[499 BC]] the Greeks rose in the [[Ionian Revolt]], and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid, though they were at first quickly forced to back down after defeat in [[494 BC]] at the battle of Lade. Asia Minor returned to Persian control.
In [[492 BC]], the Persian generals [[Mardonios]] and [[Datis]] launched a naval assault on the Aegean islands, causing them to submit, then attempted to disembark to Marthon in 490 to take Athens. In [[490 BC]] the Persian Great King, [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]], having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. 100,000 Persians landed in [[Attica]], attempting to take Athens, but were defeated at the [[Battle of Marathon]] by a Greek army of 9000 Athenian hoplites and 1000 Plateans led by the Athenian general [[Miltiades]]. The burial mound of the Athenian dead can still be seen at Marathon. The Persian fleet continued to Athens but, seeing it garrisoned, decided not to attempt an assault.
In [[492 BC]], the Persian generals [[Mardonios]] and [[Datis]] launched a naval assault on the Aegean islands, causing them to submit, then attempted to disembark to Marthon in 490 to take Athens. In [[490 BC]] the Persian Great King, [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]], having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. 100,000 Persians landed in [[Attica]], attempting to take Athens, but were defeated at the [[Battle of Marathon]] by a Greek army of 9000 Athenian hoplites and 1000 Plateans led by the Athenian general [[Miltiades]]. The burial mound of the Athenian dead can still be seen at Marathon. The Persian fleet continued to Athens but, seeing it garrisoned, decided not to attempt an assault.
===Dominance of Athens===
===Dominance of Athens===
The Persian Wars ushered in a century of Athenian dominance of Greek affairs. Athens was the unchallenged master of the sea, and also the leading commercial power, although Corinth remained a serious rival. The leading statesman of this time was [[Pericles]], who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the [[Parthenon]] and other great monuments of classical Athens. By the mid 5th century the League had become an [[Athenian Empire]], symbolized by the transfer of the League's treasury from Delos to the Parthenon in [[454 BC]].
The Persian Wars ushered in a century of Athenian dominance of Greek affairs. Athens was the unchallenged master of the sea, and also the leading commercial power, although Corinth remained a serious rival. The leading statesman of this time was [[Pericles]], who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the [[Parthenon]] and other great monuments of classical Athens. By the mid 5th century the League had become an [[Athenian Empire]], symbolized by the transfer of the League's treasury from Delos to the Parthenon in [[454 BC]].
===The Peloponnesian War===
===The Peloponnesian War===
In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate causes of the Peloponnesian War vary from account to account. However, three causes are fairly consistent among the ancient historians, namely [[Thucydides]] and [[Plutarch]]. Prior to the war, Corinth and one of its colonies, [[Corcyra]] (modern-day [[Corfu]]), got into a dispute in which Athens intervened. Soon after, Corinth and Athens argued over control of [[Potidaea]] (near modern-day [[Nea Potidaia]]), eventually leading to an Athenian siege of Potidaea. Finally, Athens issued a series of economic decrees known as the [[Megarian decree|"Megarian Decrees"]] that placed economic sanctions on the Megarian people. Athens was accused by the Peloponnesian allies of violating the [[Thirty Years Peace]] through all of the aforementioned actions, and Sparta formally declared war on Athens.
In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate causes of the Peloponnesian War vary from account to account. However, three causes are fairly consistent among the ancient historians, namely [[Thucydides]] and [[Plutarch]]. Prior to the war, Corinth and one of its colonies, [[Corcyra]] (modern-day [[Corfu]]), got into a dispute in which Athens intervened. Soon after, Corinth and Athens argued over control of [[Potidaea]] (near modern-day [[Nea Potidaia]]), eventually leading to an Athenian siege of Potidaea. Finally, Athens issued a series of economic decrees known as the [[Megarian decree|"Megarian Decrees"]] that placed economic sanctions on the Megarian people. Athens was accused by the Peloponnesian allies of violating the [[Thirty Years Peace]] through all of the aforementioned actions, and Sparta formally declared war on Athens.
==The rise of Macedon==
==The rise of Macedon==
The Kingdom of [[Macedon]] was formed in the 7th century BC. They played little part in Greek politics before the 5th century BC. In the beginning of the 4th century BC, King Philip of Macedon, an ambitious man who had been educated in Thebes, wanted to play a larger role. In particular, he wanted to be accepted as the new leader of Greece in recovering the freedom of the Greek cities of Asia from Persian rule. By seizing the Greek cities of [[Amphipolis]], [[Methone]] and [[Potidaea]], he gained control of the gold and silver mines of Macedonia. This gave him the resources to realize his ambitions.
The Kingdom of [[Macedon]] was formed in the 7th century BC. They played little part in Greek politics before the 5th century BC. In the beginning of the 4th century BC, King Philip of Macedon, an ambitious man who had been educated in Thebes, wanted to play a larger role. In particular, he wanted to be accepted as the new leader of Greece in recovering the freedom of the Greek cities of Asia from Persian rule. By seizing the Greek cities of [[Amphipolis]], [[Methone]] and [[Potidaea]], he gained control of the gold and silver mines of Macedonia. This gave him the resources to realize his ambitions.
Philip established Macedonian dominance over [[Thessaly]] ([[352 BC]]) and [[Thrace]], and by [[348 BC]] he controlled everything north of [[Thermopylae]]. He used his great wealth to bribe Greek politicians, creating a "Macedonian party" in every Greek city. His intervention in the war between Thebes and Phocis brought him great recognition, and gave him his opportunity to become a power in Greek affairs. Against him the Athenian leader [[Demosthenes]], in a series of famous speeches ([[philippic]]s) roused the Athenians to resist Philip's advance.
Philip established Macedonian dominance over [[Thessaly]] ([[352 BC]]) and [[Thrace]], and by [[348 BC]] he controlled everything north of [[Thermopylae]]. He used his great wealth to bribe Greek politicians, creating a "Macedonian party" in every Greek city. His intervention in the war between Thebes and Phocis brought him great recognition, and gave him his opportunity to become a power in Greek affairs. Against him the Athenian leader [[Demosthenes]], in a series of famous speeches ([[philippic]]s) roused the Athenians to resist Philip's advance.
==The conquests of Alexander==
==The conquests of Alexander==
Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], who immediately set out to carry out his father's plans. When he saw that Athens had fallen, he wanted to bring back the tradition of Athens by destroying the Persian King. He travelled to Corinth where the assembled Greek cities recognized him as leader of the Greeks, then set off north to assemble his forces. The core structure of his army was the hardy Macedonian mountain-fighter, but he bolstered his numbers and diversified his army with levies from all corners of Greece. He enriched his tactics and formation with Greek stratagem ranging from Theban cavalry structure to Spartan guerilla tactics. His engineering and manufacturing were largely derived of Greek origin – involving everything from Archimedal siege-weaponry to Ampipholian ship-reinforcement. But while Alexander was campaigning in Thrace, he heard that the Greek cities had rebelled. He swept south again, captured Thebes, and razed the city to the ground. He left only one building standing, the house of Pindar, a poet who had written in favour of Alexander's ancestor, Alexander the First. This acted as a symbol and warning to the Greek cities that his power could no longer be resisted, whilst reminding them he would preserve and respect their culture if they were obedient.
Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], who immediately set out to carry out his father's plans. When he saw that Athens had fallen, he wanted to bring back the tradition of Athens by destroying the Persian King. He travelled to Corinth where the assembled Greek cities recognized him as leader of the Greeks, then set off north to assemble his forces. The core structure of his army was the hardy Macedonian mountain-fighter, but he bolstered his numbers and diversified his army with levies from all corners of Greece. He enriched his tactics and formation with Greek stratagem ranging from Theban cavalry structure to Spartan guerilla tactics. His engineering and manufacturing were largely derived of Greek origin – involving everything from Archimedal siege-weaponry to Ampipholian ship-reinforcement. But while Alexander was campaigning in Thrace, he heard that the Greek cities had rebelled. He swept south again, captured Thebes, and razed the city to the ground. He left only one building standing, the house of Pindar, a poet who had written in favour of Alexander's ancestor, Alexander the First. This acted as a symbol and warning to the Greek cities that his power could no longer be resisted, whilst reminding them he would preserve and respect their culture if they were obedient.
Darius was now ready to make peace and Alexander could have returned home in triumph, but Alexander was determined to conquer Persia and make himself the ruler of the world. He advanced north-east through Syria and [[Mesopotamia]], and defeated Darius again at [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]] ([[331 BC]]). Darius fled and was killed by his own followers, and Alexander found himself the master of the Persian Empire, occupying [[Susa]] and [[Persepolis]] without resistance.
Darius was now ready to make peace and Alexander could have returned home in triumph, but Alexander was determined to conquer Persia and make himself the ruler of the world. He advanced north-east through Syria and [[Mesopotamia]], and defeated Darius again at [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]] ([[331 BC]]). Darius fled and was killed by his own followers, and Alexander found himself the master of the Persian Empire, occupying [[Susa]] and [[Persepolis]] without resistance.
Meanwhile the Greek cities were making renewed efforts to escape from Macedonian control. At [[Battle of Megalopolis|Megalopolis]] in [[331 BC]], Alexander's regent [[Antipater]] defeated the Spartans, who had refused to join the Corinthian League or recognize Macedonian supremacy.
Meanwhile the Greek cities were making renewed efforts to escape from Macedonian control. At [[Battle of Megalopolis|Megalopolis]] in [[331 BC]], Alexander's regent [[Antipater]] defeated the Spartans, who had refused to join the Corinthian League or recognize Macedonian supremacy.
==Art==
==Art==
The art of ancient Greece has exercised a huge influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present.
The art of ancient Greece has exercised a huge influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present.
==Mythology==
==Mythology==
Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their [[Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods|gods]] and [[hero]]es, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices.
Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their [[Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods|gods]] and [[hero]]es, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices.
==External links==
==External links==