Changes

==Neurology of sleep and dreams==

==Neurology of sleep and dreams==

There is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. General observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness.  Participant-nonremembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.  During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming[http://science.howstuffworks.com/dream3.htm] (which is about two hours each night [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm]. It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. It has been hypothesized that dreams are the result of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the brain. A biochemical mechanism for this was proposed by the medical researcher J. C. Callaway, who suggested in 1988 that DMT might be connected with visual dream [[phenomena]], where brain DMT levels are periodically elevated to induce visual dreaming and possibly other natural states of mind.

There is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. General observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness.  Participant-nonremembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.  During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming[https://science.howstuffworks.com/dream3.htm] (which is about two hours each night [https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm]. It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. It has been hypothesized that dreams are the result of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the brain. A biochemical mechanism for this was proposed by the medical researcher J. C. Callaway, who suggested in 1988 that DMT might be connected with visual dream [[phenomena]], where brain DMT levels are periodically elevated to induce visual dreaming and possibly other natural states of mind.

During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed.  As a result, motor [[neuron]]s are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia.  This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body.

During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed.  As a result, motor [[neuron]]s are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia.  This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body.

Studies show that various species of mammals and birds experience REM during sleep.[http://www.improverse.com/ed-articles/richard_wilkerson_2003_jan_evolution.htm]

Studies show that various species of mammals and birds experience REM during sleep.[https://www.improverse.com/ed-articles/richard_wilkerson_2003_jan_evolution.htm]

Most dreams last only 5 to 20 minutes.

Most dreams last only 5 to 20 minutes.

Hobson and McCarley's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.

Hobson and McCarley's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.

While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson.(The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why we Dream ISBN 0465070698)  

While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson.(The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why we Dream ISBN 0465070698)  

Unhappy about Hobson's attempts at discrediting him, Solms, along with partner Edward Nadar, undertook a series of traumatic-injury impact studies using several different species of primates, particularly [[howler monkeys]], in order to more fully understand the role [[brain damage]] plays in dream pathology. Solms' experiments proved inconclusive, however, as the high mortality rate associated with using an hydraulic impact pin to artificially produce brain damage in test subjects meant that his final candidate pool was too small to satisfy the requirements of the [[scientific method]].

Unhappy about Hobson's attempts at discrediting him, Solms, along with partner Edward Nadar, undertook a series of traumatic-injury impact studies using several different species of primates, particularly [[howler monkeys]], in order to more fully understand the role [[brain damage]] plays in dream pathology. Solms' experiments proved inconclusive, however, as the high mortality rate associated with using an hydraulic impact pin to artificially produce brain damage in test subjects meant that his final candidate pool was too small to satisfy the requirements of the [[scientific method]].

====Hippocampus and memory====

====Hippocampus and memory====

A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the [[hippocampus]] and [[neocortex]] is reduced.  Increasing levels of the stress hormone [[cortisol]] late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased [[communication]]. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadel hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress. [http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/671]  

A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the [[hippocampus]] and [[neocortex]] is reduced.  Increasing levels of the stress hormone [[cortisol]] late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased [[communication]]. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadel hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress. [https://www.learnmem.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/671]  

===Functional hypotheses===

===Functional hypotheses===

A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of [[psychosis]].  Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect (emotion), and [[hallucination]]. Among philosophers, [[Kant]], for example, wrote that ‘the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer’.  [[Schopenhauer]] said: ‘A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.’ In the field of [[psychoanalysis]], [[Freud]] wrote: ‘A dream then, is a psychosis’, and [[Jung]]: ‘Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of ''[[dementia praecox]]''.’

A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of [[psychosis]].  Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect (emotion), and [[hallucination]]. Among philosophers, [[Kant]], for example, wrote that ‘the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer’.  [[Schopenhauer]] said: ‘A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.’ In the field of [[psychoanalysis]], [[Freud]] wrote: ‘A dream then, is a psychosis’, and [[Jung]]: ‘Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of ''[[dementia praecox]]''.’

McCreery, C. (1997). Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis.  [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/dreams-and-psychosis.pdf Online PDF]  

McCreery, C. (1997). Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis.  [https://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/dreams-and-psychosis.pdf Online PDF]  

has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald, that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-[[arousal]]. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls ‘[[microsleeps]]’ during waking life.  He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire that patients suffering from [[catatonia]] can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants.

has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald, that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-[[arousal]]. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls ‘[[microsleeps]]’ during waking life.  He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire that patients suffering from [[catatonia]] can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants.

==Cultural history==

==Cultural history==

Dreams have a long [[history]] both as a subject of conjecture and as a source of inspiration. Throughout their history, people have sought [[meaning]] in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, [[psychology|psychologically]] as reflections of the subconscious, and [[spirituality|spiritually]] as messages from [[God]] or predictions of the future.  Many cultures practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were [[prophetic]] or contained messages from the [[divine]].

Dreams have a long [[history]] both as a subject of conjecture and as a source of inspiration. Throughout their history, people have sought [[meaning]] in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, [[psychology|psychologically]] as reflections of the subconscious, and [[spirituality|spiritually]] as messages from [[God]] or predictions of the future.  Many cultures practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were [[prophecy|prophetic]] or contained messages from the [[divine]].

[[Judaism]] has a traditional ceremony called hatovat chalom – literally meaning making the dream a good one. Through this rite disturbing dreams can be transformed to give a positive interpretation by a rabbi or a rabbinic court. [http://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html]  

[[Judaism]] has a traditional ceremony called hatovat chalom – literally meaning making the dream a good one. Through this rite disturbing dreams can be transformed to give a positive interpretation by a rabbi or a rabbinic court. [https://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html]  

===Popular culture===

===Popular culture===

Modern popular [[culture]] often conceives of dreams, like Freud, as expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.  In films such as 'Spellbound'' (1945) or ''The Manchurian Candidate'' (1962), the protagonists must extract vital clues from surreal dreams.

Modern popular [[culture]] often conceives of dreams, like Freud, as expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.  In films such as 'Spellbound'' (1945) or ''The Manchurian Candidate'' (1962), the protagonists must extract vital clues from surreal dreams.

Most dreams in popular culture are, however, not [[symbol]]ic, but straightforward and realistic depictions of their dreamer's fears and desires. Dream scenes may be indistinguishable from those set in the dreamer's real world, a narrative device that undermines the dreamer's and the audience's sense of security and allows horror movie protagonists, such as those of ''Carrie'' (1976), ''Friday the 13th'' (1980) or ''An American Werewolf in London'' (1981) to be suddenly attacked by dark forces while resting in seemingly safe places. Ambrose Bierce's short story ''An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'' (1891) tells of a man sentenced to death escaping the execution and returning to safety, only to wake up and realise that he is in fact about to be hanged.

Most dreams in popular culture are, however, not [[symbols|symbolic]], but straightforward and realistic depictions of their dreamer's fears and desires. Dream scenes may be indistinguishable from those set in the dreamer's real world, a narrative device that undermines the dreamer's and the audience's sense of security and allows horror movie protagonists, such as those of ''Carrie'' (1976), ''Friday the 13th'' (1980) or ''An American Werewolf in London'' (1981) to be suddenly attacked by dark forces while resting in seemingly safe places. Ambrose Bierce's short story ''An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge'' (1891) tells of a man sentenced to death escaping the execution and returning to safety, only to wake up and realise that he is in fact about to be hanged.

In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be blurred even more in the service of the story. Dreams may be psychically invaded or manipulated (the ''Nightmare on Elm Street'' films, 1984–1991) or even come literally true (as in ''The Lathe of Heaven'', 1971). Such stories play to audiences’ experiences with their own dreams, which feel as real to them as the real world that inspires them.

In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be blurred even more in the service of the story. Dreams may be psychically invaded or manipulated (the ''Nightmare on Elm Street'' films, 1984–1991) or even come literally true (as in ''The Lathe of Heaven'', 1971). Such stories play to audiences’ experiences with their own dreams, which feel as real to them as the real world that inspires them.

==Dream content==

==Dream content==

From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published ''The Content Analysis of Dreams'' in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.. [http://psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/Info/content_analysis.html Content Analysis Explained] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different [[analysis]].

From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published ''The Content Analysis of Dreams'' in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.. [https://psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/Info/content_analysis.html Content Analysis Explained] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different [[analysis]].

Personal [[experience]]s from the last day or week are frequently incorporated into dreams.

Personal [[experience]]s from the last day or week are frequently incorporated into dreams.

The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Negative emotions are more common than positive ones.  The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for aggression in dreams with 50 percent of U.S. males reporting aggression in dreams, compared to 32 percent for Dutch men.

The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Negative emotions are more common than positive ones.  The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for aggression in dreams with 50 percent of U.S. males reporting aggression in dreams, compared to 32 percent for Dutch men.

===Sexual content===

===Sexual content===

The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens. Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content. [http://www.journalsleep.org/PDF/AbstractBook2007.pdf "1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT?"]  In some cases, sexual dreams may result in [[orgasm]] or [[nocturnal emission]].  These are commonly known as wet dreams. [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf]  

The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens. Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content. [https://www.journalsleep.org/PDF/AbstractBook2007.pdf "1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT?"]  In some cases, sexual dreams may result in [[orgasm]] or [[nocturnal emission]].  These are commonly known as wet dreams. [https://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf]  

===Recurring dreams===

===Recurring dreams===

===Color vs. Black and White===

===Color vs. Black and White===

Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15612605 Abstract])

Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15612605 Abstract])

Studies from 1915 through to the 1950s maintained that the majority of dreams were in black and white, but these results began to change in the 1960s.  Today, only 4.4 % of the dreams of under-25 year-olds are in black and white.  Recent research has suggested that those changing results may be linked to the switch from black-and-white film and TV to color media.(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/10/17/scidream117.xml Article])

Studies from 1915 through to the 1950s maintained that the majority of dreams were in black and white, but these results began to change in the 1960s.  Today, only 4.4 % of the dreams of under-25 year-olds are in black and white.  Recent research has suggested that those changing results may be linked to the switch from black-and-white film and TV to color media.(https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/10/17/scidream117.xml Article])

==Relationship with mental conditions==

==Relationship with mental conditions==

==Dream interpretation==

==Dream interpretation==

Dreams were historically used for healing (as in the asclepieions found in the ancient Greek temples of [[Asclepius]]) as well as for guidance or [[divine]] inspiration.  Some Native American tribes used [[vision quest]]s as a [[ritual|rite]] of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.[http://www.dreams.ca/dreams.htm]

Dreams were historically used for healing (as in the asclepieions found in the ancient Greek temples of [[Asclepius]]) as well as for guidance or [[divine]] inspiration.  Some Native American tribes used [[vision quest]]s as a [[ritual|rite]] of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.[https://www.dreams.ca/dreams.htm]

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]] identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the [[conscious]]. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of ''revealing'' the underlying meaning.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]] identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the [[conscious]]. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of ''revealing'' the underlying meaning.

Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of [[Gestalt therapy]]. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed. [http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Dream%20Rebound.pdf] Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams.  Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer.  The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality.

Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of [[Gestalt therapy]]. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed. [https://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Dream%20Rebound.pdf] Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams.  Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer.  The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality.

==Other associated phenomena==

==Other associated phenomena==

===Lucid dreaming===

===Lucid dreaming===

Lucid dreaming is the conscious [[perception]] of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over [[character]]s and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream. [http://www.psychwww.com/asc/ld/faq.html Lucid dreaming FAQ]  The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified. ''Oneironaut'' is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.

Lucid dreaming is the conscious [[perception]] of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over [[character]]s and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream. [https://www.psychwww.com/asc/ld/faq.html Lucid dreaming FAQ]  The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified. ''Oneironaut'' is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.

===Dreams of absent-minded transgression===

===Dreams of absent-minded transgression===

===Recalling dreams===

===Recalling dreams===

The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained.  Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming. Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men. [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15778923 The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares]  Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall.  A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes.

The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained.  Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming. Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15778923 The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares]  Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall.  A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes.

===Déjà vu===

===Déjà vu===

In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by [[Salvador Dalí]] that depicts this concept, titled "Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening" (1944).

In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by [[Salvador Dalí]] that depicts this concept, titled "Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening" (1944).

The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence .[http://www.asdreams.org/2003/abstracts/genevieve_alain.htm]  

The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence .[https://www.asdreams.org/2003/abstracts/genevieve_alain.htm]  

==Quote==

==Quote==

If one is disposed to recognize a theoretical subconscious [[mind]] as a practical working hypothesis in the otherwise unified [[intellectual]] life, then, to be consistent, one should postulate a similar and corresponding realm of ascending intellectual activity as the [[superconscious]] level, the zone of immediate contact with the indwelling [[spirit]] entity, the [[Thought Adjuster]]. The great danger in all these psychic speculations is that [[vision]]s and other so-called mystic [[experience]]s, along with <u>''extraordinary dreams''</u>, may be regarded as [[divine]] [[communication]]s to the human mind. In times past, [[divine]] [[being]]s have revealed themselves to certain God-knowing persons, not because of their mystic [[trance]]s or morbid [[vision]]s, <u>''but in spite of all these''</u> [[phenomena]].[http://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper100.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper100.html&line=99#mfs]

If one is disposed to recognize a theoretical subconscious [[mind]] as a practical working hypothesis in the otherwise unified [[intellectual]] life, then, to be consistent, one should postulate a similar and corresponding realm of ascending intellectual activity as the [[superconscious]] level, the zone of immediate contact with the indwelling [[spirit]] entity, the [[Thought Adjuster]]. The great danger in all these psychic speculations is that [[vision]]s and other so-called mystic [[experience]]s, along with <u>''extraordinary dreams''</u>, may be regarded as [[divine]] [[communication]]s to the human mind. In times past, [[divine]] [[being]]s have revealed themselves to certain God-knowing persons, not because of their mystic [[trance]]s or morbid [[vision]]s, <u>''but in spite of all these''</u> [[phenomena]].[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=100:5_Conversion_and_Mysticism]

 

== References ==

== References ==

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#  [http://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html Berel Wein "DREAMS"]

#  [https://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html Berel Wein "DREAMS"]

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# Van Riper, op.cit., p. 57.

# Van Riper, op.cit., p. 57.

# Alain, M.Ps., Geneviève; Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D., Russell Powell, Ph.D., Don Kuiken, Ph.D. (July 2003). "Replication of the Day-residue and Dream-lag Effect". 20th Annual International Conference of the Association for the Study of Dreams.

# Alain, M.Ps., Geneviève; Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D., Russell Powell, Ph.D., Don Kuiken, Ph.D. (July 2003). "Replication of the Day-residue and Dream-lag Effect". 20th Annual International Conference of the Association for the Study of Dreams.

# Zadra, A., "1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT?" SLEEP, Volume 30, Abstract Supplement, 2007 A376.

# Zadra, A., "1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT?" SLEEP, Volume 30, Abstract Supplement, 2007 A376.

# [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf Badan Pusat Statistik "Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey 2002-2004"]

# [https://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf Badan Pusat Statistik "Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey 2002-2004"]

# Michael Schredl, Petra Ciric, Simon Götz, Lutz Wittmann (November 2004). "Typical Dreams: Stability and Gender Differences". The Journal of Psychology 138 (6): 485 (Abstract).  

# Michael Schredl, Petra Ciric, Simon Götz, Lutz Wittmann (November 2004). "Typical Dreams: Stability and Gender Differences". The Journal of Psychology 138 (6): 485 (Abstract).  

# Richard Alleyne (October 17, 2008). "Black and white TV generation have monochrome dreams". [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/10/17/scidream117.xml Telegraph: Article]).  

# Richard Alleyne (October 17, 2008). "Black and white TV generation have monochrome dreams". [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/10/17/scidream117.xml Telegraph: Article]).  

# Harrison, John E. (2001). Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192632450.  

# Harrison, John E. (2001). Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192632450.  

# The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares

# The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares

# Webb, Craig (1995). "Dreams: Practical Meaning & Appications". The DREAMS Foundation.

# Webb, Craig (1995). "Dreams: Practical Meaning & Appications". The DREAMS Foundation.

# Wegner, D.M., Wenzlaff, R.M. & Kozak M. (2004). "The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams" (PDF). Psychological Science 15 (4): 232–236. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x. [http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Dream%20Rebound.pdf].  

# Wegner, D.M., Wenzlaff, R.M. & Kozak M. (2004). "The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams" (PDF). Psychological Science 15 (4): 232–236. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x. [https://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Dream%20Rebound.pdf].  

# Lucid dreaming FAQ by 1The Lucidity Institute at Psych Web.

# Lucid dreaming FAQ by 1The Lucidity Institute at Psych Web.

# Watanabe, T. (2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 21 (1). ISSN 1341-9226.  

# Watanabe, T. (2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 21 (1). ISSN 1341-9226.  

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.udreamt.com/Dream-Psychology/dream-psychology.html Dream Psychology by Sigmund Freud]

*[https://www.udreamt.com/Dream-Psychology/dream-psychology.html Dream Psychology by Sigmund Freud]

*[http://www.jtkresearch.com/DreamLab/b_intro.asp?lang=e/ The Dream & Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal]

*[https://www.jtkresearch.com/DreamLab/b_intro.asp?lang=e/ The Dream & Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal]

*[http://aras.org/ Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website]

*[https://aras.org/ Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website]

*[http://www.asdreams.org/ The International Association for the Study of Dreams]

*[https://www.asdreams.org/ The International Association for the Study of Dreams]

*[http://www.why-we-dream.com More information on the expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming]

*[https://www.why-we-dream.com More information on the expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming]

*[http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Dreams/ Dreams]  

*[https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Dreams/ Dreams]  

*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=20071029-000003 Psychology Today]

*[https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=20071029-000003 Psychology Today]