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An '''emotion''' is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of ''feelings'', [[cognition|thought]]s, and [[behavior]].Emotions are subjective [[experience]]s, or experienced from an [[individual]] [[frame of reference|point of view]]. Emotion is often associated with mood, [[temperament]], [[personality]], and disposition.  The [[English]] [[word]] 'emotion' is derived from the French word ''émouvoir''. This is based on the [[Latin]] ''emovere'', where ''e-'' (variant of ''ex''-) means 'out' and ''movere'' means 'move'.[http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/emotion.htm Emotional Competency discussion of emotion] The related term "motivation" is also derived from ''movere''.

An '''emotion''' is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of ''feelings'', [[cognition|thought]]s, and [[behavior]].Emotions are subjective [[experience]]s, or experienced from an [[individual]] [[frame of reference|point of view]]. Emotion is often associated with mood, [[temperament]], [[personality]], and disposition.  The [[English]] [[word]] 'emotion' is derived from the French word ''émouvoir''. This is based on the [[Latin]] ''emovere'', where ''e-'' (variant of ''ex''-) means 'out' and ''movere'' means 'move'.[https://www.emotionalcompetency.com/emotion.htm Emotional Competency discussion of emotion] The related term "motivation" is also derived from ''movere''.

No definitive taxonomy of emotions exists, though numerous taxonomies have been proposed. Some categorizations include:

No definitive taxonomy of emotions exists, though numerous taxonomies have been proposed. Some categorizations include:

Another popular option is to divide emotions into basic and complex categories, where some basic emotions are modified in some way to form complex emotions. In one model, the complex emotions could arise from [[culture|cultural]] conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, [[analogy|analogous]] to the way primary [[color]]s combine, ''primary emotions'' could blend to form the full [[spectrum]] of human emotional experience. For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt.  

Another popular option is to divide emotions into basic and complex categories, where some basic emotions are modified in some way to form complex emotions. In one model, the complex emotions could arise from [[culture|cultural]] conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, [[analogy|analogous]] to the way primary [[color]]s combine, ''primary emotions'' could blend to form the full [[spectrum]] of human emotional experience. For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt.  

[[Robert Plutchik]] proposed a three-dimensional "circumplex model" which describes the relations among emotions. This model is similar to a [[color wheel]]. The vertical dimension represents intensity, and the circle represents degrees of similarity among the emotions. He posited eight primary emotion dimensions arranged as four pairs of opposites. [http://www.fractal.org/Bewustzijns-Besturings-Model/Nature-of-emotions.htm The Nature of Emotions] Some have also argued for the existence of meta-emotions which are emotions about emotions.[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/documents/MetaemotionsGPS732006.pdf Jaeger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006), "Meta-emotions". Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73, 179–204.] In general discussion centres around which emotions or dimensions should be considered foundational. Combined views are also available.

[[Robert Plutchik]] proposed a three-dimensional "circumplex model" which describes the relations among emotions. This model is similar to a [[color wheel]]. The vertical dimension represents intensity, and the circle represents degrees of similarity among the emotions. He posited eight primary emotion dimensions arranged as four pairs of opposites. [https://www.fractal.org/Bewustzijns-Besturings-Model/Nature-of-emotions.htm The Nature of Emotions] Some have also argued for the existence of meta-emotions which are emotions about emotions.[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/documents/MetaemotionsGPS732006.pdf Jaeger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006), "Meta-emotions". Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73, 179–204.] In general discussion centres around which emotions or dimensions should be considered foundational. Combined views are also available.

Another important means of distinguishing emotions concerns their occurrence in [[time]]. Some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g. surprise) where others can last years (e.g. love). The latter could be regarded as a long term ''tendency'' to have an emotion regarding a certain object rather than an emotion proper (though this is disputed). A distinction is then made between emotion episodes and emotional dispositions. Dispositions are also comparable to [[character]] traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions, though about different objects. For example an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists (e.g. [[Klaus Scherer]], 2005) place emotions within a more general category of 'affective states' where affective states can also include emotion-related [[phenomena]] such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (e.g. hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

Another important means of distinguishing emotions concerns their occurrence in [[time]]. Some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g. surprise) where others can last years (e.g. love). The latter could be regarded as a long term ''tendency'' to have an emotion regarding a certain object rather than an emotion proper (though this is disputed). A distinction is then made between emotion episodes and emotional dispositions. Dispositions are also comparable to [[character]] traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions, though about different objects. For example an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists (e.g. [[Klaus Scherer]], 2005) place emotions within a more general category of 'affective states' where affective states can also include emotion-related [[phenomena]] such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (e.g. hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits.

Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. [[Human Science|Human sciences]] study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In [[psychiatry]], emotions are examined as part of the [[discipline]]'s study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. [[Psychology]] examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In [[neuroscience]] sub-fields such as affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of [[personality]], emotion, and mood. In [[linguistics]], the expression of emotion may change to the [[meaning]] of [[sound]]s. In [[education]], the role of emotions in relation to learning are examined.  

Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. [[Human Science|Human sciences]] study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In [[psychiatry]], emotions are examined as part of the [[discipline]]'s study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. [[Psychology]] examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In [[neuroscience]] sub-fields such as affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of [[personality]], emotion, and mood. In [[linguistics]], the expression of emotion may change to the [[meaning]] of [[sound]]s. In [[education]], the role of emotions in relation to learning are examined.  

[[Social sciences]] often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human [[culture]] and social interactions. In [[sociology]], emotions are examined for the role they play in human [[society]], social patterns and interactions, and culture.  In [[anthropology]], the study of [[humanity]], scholars use ethnography to undertake [[context]]ual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities; some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of [[communication]] sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's [[concept]] of emotional labor. The University of Queensland host's EmoNet([http://www.uq.edu.au/emonet/]), an email distribution list comprised of a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January, 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

[[Social sciences]] often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human [[culture]] and social interactions. In [[sociology]], emotions are examined for the role they play in human [[society]], social patterns and interactions, and culture.  In [[anthropology]], the study of [[humanity]], scholars use ethnography to undertake [[context]]ual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities; some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of [[communication]] sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's [[concept]] of emotional labor. The University of Queensland host's EmoNet([https://www.uq.edu.au/emonet/]), an email distribution list comprised of a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January, 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

In [[economics]], the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase [[decision]]-making and risk [[perception]]. In [[criminology]], a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as ''anomie theory'' and studies of "toughness", aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In [[law]], which underpins civil obedience, [[politics]], economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In [[political science]], emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the [[analysis]] of voter decision-making.  

In [[economics]], the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase [[decision]]-making and risk [[perception]]. In [[criminology]], a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as ''anomie theory'' and studies of "toughness", aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In [[law]], which underpins civil obedience, [[politics]], economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims for compensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In [[political science]], emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the [[analysis]] of voter decision-making.  

===Psychotherapy===

===Psychotherapy===

Depending on the particular school's general emphasis either on cognitive component of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on [[symbol]]ic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of [[psychotherapy]] approach human emotions differently. While, for example, the school of Re-evaluation Counseling propose that distressing emotions are to be relieved by "discharging" them - hence crying, laughing, sweating, shaking, and trembling.[http://www.rc.org/theory/recovery.html Counseling recovery processes - RC website] Other more cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as ''Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy''. Yet other approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary [[gestalt therapy]][http://www.123webpages.co.uk/user/index.php?user=mgc&pn=10713 On Emotion - an article from Manchester Gestalt Centre website].

Depending on the particular school's general emphasis either on cognitive component of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on [[symbol]]ic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of [[psychotherapy]] approach human emotions differently. While, for example, the school of Re-evaluation Counseling propose that distressing emotions are to be relieved by "discharging" them - hence crying, laughing, sweating, shaking, and trembling.[https://www.rc.org/theory/recovery.html Counseling recovery processes - RC website] Other more cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as ''Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy''. Yet other approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary [[gestalt therapy]][https://www.123webpages.co.uk/user/index.php?user=mgc&pn=10713 On Emotion - an article from Manchester Gestalt Centre website].

===Computer science===

===Computer science===

In the 2000s, in research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions (Fellous, Armony & LeDoux, 2002). In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of [[artificial intelligence]] that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning [[computer science]]s, [[psychology]], and [[cognitive science]].[http://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-321-ABSTRACT.html Abstract]),  

In the 2000s, in research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions (Fellous, Armony & LeDoux, 2002). In computer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of [[artificial intelligence]] that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning [[computer science]]s, [[psychology]], and [[cognitive science]].[https://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-321-ABSTRACT.html Abstract]),  

Detecting emotional [[information]] begins with passive [[sensor]]s which capture data about the user's physical state or [[behavior]] without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or [[body]] gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

Detecting emotional [[information]] begins with passive [[sensor]]s which capture data about the user's physical state or [[behavior]] without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or [[body]] gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors.

==Quote==

==Quote==

Before Pentecost the apostles had given up much for [[Jesus]]. They had sacrificed their [[home]]s, [[family|families]], [[friends]], worldly [[things|goods]], and [[status|positions]]. At Pentecost they gave themselves to [[God]], and [[the Father]] and [[the Son]] responded by giving themselves to man--sending their spirits to live within men. This [[experience]] of losing self and finding the [[spirit]] was not one of '''[[emotion]]'''; it was an act of intelligent self-surrender and unreserved consecration.[http://mercy.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper194.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper194.html&line=108#mfs]

Before Pentecost the apostles had given up much for [[Jesus]]. They had sacrificed their [[home]]s, [[family|families]], [[friends]], worldly [[things|goods]], and [[status|positions]]. At Pentecost they gave themselves to [[God]], and [[the Father]] and [[the Son]] responded by giving themselves to man--sending their spirits to live within men. This [[experience]] of losing self and finding the [[spirit]] was not one of '''[[emotion]]'''; it was an act of intelligent self-surrender and unreserved consecration.[https://mercy.urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper194.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper194.html&line=108#mfs]

==References==

==References==

# James, William (1884). "What is Emotion". Mind 9: 188–205.  Cited by Tao and Tan.

# James, William (1884). "What is Emotion". Mind 9: 188–205.  Cited by Tao and Tan.

# "Affective Computing" MIT Technical Report #321 (Abstract), 1995

# "Affective Computing" MIT Technical Report #321 (Abstract), 1995

# Kleine-Cosack, Christian (October 2006). "Recognition and Simulation of Emotions" (PDF). [http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de//~fink/lectures/SS06/human-robot-interaction/Emotion-RecognitionAndSimulation.pdf]. "The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing."  

# Kleine-Cosack, Christian (October 2006). "Recognition and Simulation of Emotions" (PDF). [https://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de//~fink/lectures/SS06/human-robot-interaction/Emotion-RecognitionAndSimulation.pdf]. "The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing."  

# Diamond, David (December 2003). "The Love Machine; Building computers that care.". Wired. [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html]. Rosalind Picard, a genial MIT professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users."

# Diamond, David (December 2003). "The Love Machine; Building computers that care.". Wired. [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html]. Rosalind Picard, a genial MIT professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users."

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Cornelius, R. (1996). ''The science of emotion''. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

* Cornelius, R. (1996). ''The science of emotion''. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

* Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007).''The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face''. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.

* Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007).''The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face''. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.

* Ekman, P. (1999). "[http://www.paulekman.com/pdfs/basic_emotions.pdf Basic Emotions]". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.). ''Handbook of Cognition and Emotion''. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.

* Ekman, P. (1999). "[https://www.paulekman.com/pdfs/basic_emotions.pdf Basic Emotions]". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.). ''Handbook of Cognition and Emotion''. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.

* Frijda, N. H. (1986). ''The Emotions''. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006]

* Frijda, N. H. (1986). ''The Emotions''. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press. [https://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006]

* Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feelings. Berkeley: University of California Press.  

* Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feelings. Berkeley: University of California Press.  

* LeDoux, J. E. (1986). The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) ''Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience''. New York: Cambridge.

* LeDoux, J. E. (1986). The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) ''Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience''. New York: Cambridge.

* Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), ''Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion'' (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic.

* Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), ''Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion'' (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic.

* Scherer, K. (2005). [http://www.affective-sciences.org/system/files/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf  What are emotions and how can they be measured?] ''Social Science Information'' Vol. 44, No. 4: 695-729.

* Scherer, K. (2005). [https://www.affective-sciences.org/system/files/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf  What are emotions and how can they be measured?] ''Social Science Information'' Vol. 44, No. 4: 695-729.

* Solomon, R. (1993). ''The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life''. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.

* Solomon, R. (1993). ''The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life''. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.

*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience]

*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience]

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://feelab.ufp.pt/index.swf Facial Emotion Expression Lab]

* [https://feelab.ufp.pt/index.swf Facial Emotion Expression Lab]

* [http://www.cnx.org/content/m14358/latest CNX.ORG: The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts (free online book)]

* [https://www.cnx.org/content/m14358/latest CNX.ORG: The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts (free online book)]

* [http://emotion-research.net/ Humaine Emotion-Research.net: The Humaine Portal: Research on Emotions and Human-Machine Interaction]

* [https://emotion-research.net/ Humaine Emotion-Research.net: The Humaine Portal: Research on Emotions and Human-Machine Interaction]

* [http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqkd/aaai-social.html Kerstin Dautenhahn: Socially Intelligent Agents]

* [https://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqkd/aaai-social.html Kerstin Dautenhahn: Socially Intelligent Agents]

* [http://www.philosophyofmind.net PhilosophyofMind.net: Philosophy of Emotions portal]  

* [https://www.philosophyofmind.net PhilosophyofMind.net: Philosophy of Emotions portal]  

* [http://www.affective-sciences.org/ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences]

* [https://www.affective-sciences.org/ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences]

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Emotion]

* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Emotion]

* [http://emotion.nsma.arizona.edu/emotion.html University of Arizona: Salk Institute: Emotion Home Page]

* [https://emotion.nsma.arizona.edu/emotion.html University of Arizona: Salk Institute: Emotion Home Page]

* [http://eqi.org eqi.org]

* [https://eqi.org eqi.org]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]