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'''Energy''' (from the Greek ἐνέργεια}} - ''[[energeia]]'', "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - ''energos'', "active, working" [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=energy] is a scalar [[physical]] [[quantity]] that is an attribute of objects and systems that is conserved in nature. In physics textbooks, energy is often defined as the ability to do work or to cause change.  

'''Energy''' (from the Greek ἐνέργεια}} - ''[[energeia]]'', "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - ''energos'', "active, working" [https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=energy] is a scalar [[physical]] [[quantity]] that is an attribute of objects and systems that is conserved in nature. In physics textbooks, energy is often defined as the ability to do work or to cause change.  

Several different forms of energy exist to explain all known natural [[phenomena]]. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, [[light]], elastic, and electromagnetic energy.

Several different forms of energy exist to explain all known natural [[phenomena]]. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, [[light]], elastic, and electromagnetic energy.

Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the [[frame of reference]].  For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the [[Earth]].

Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the [[frame of reference]].  For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the [[Earth]].

<center>For lessons on the topic of '''''Energy''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Energy this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on the topic of '''''Energy''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Energy this link].</center>

==History==

==History==

The word ''energy'' derives from Greek ''ἐνέργεια'' (''energeia''), which appears for the first time in the work [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3aabo%3atlg%2c0086%2c010%3a1098b%3a33&vers=original&word=e%29ne%2frgeia#word1 "Nicomachean Ethics"] by [[Aristotle]] in the 4th century BC. In 1021 AD, the Arabian [[physics|physicist]], [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]], in the ''Book of Optics'', held [[light]] rays to be streams of minute energy particles, stating that "the smallest parts of light" retain "only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by [[experiment]]" and that "they lack all sensible qualities except energy."  In 1121, [[Al-Khazini]], in ''The Book of the Balance of Wisdom'', proposed that the gravitational potential energy of a body varies depending on its distance from the centre of the Earth. (Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science ISBN 0415124107

The word ''energy'' derives from Greek ''ἐνέργεια'' (''energeia''), which appears for the first time in the work [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3aabo%3atlg%2c0086%2c010%3a1098b%3a33&vers=original&word=e%29ne%2frgeia#word1 "Nicomachean Ethics"] by [[Aristotle]] in the 4th century BC. In 1021 AD, the Arabian [[physics|physicist]], [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]], in the ''Book of Optics'', held [[light]] rays to be streams of minute energy particles, stating that "the smallest parts of light" retain "only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by [[experiment]]" and that "they lack all sensible qualities except energy."  In 1121, [[Al-Khazini]], in ''The Book of the Balance of Wisdom'', proposed that the gravitational potential energy of a body varies depending on its distance from the centre of the Earth. (Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science ISBN 0415124107

The [[concept]] of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva, which [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz claimed that heat consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter — a view shared by [[Isaac Newton]], although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. In 1807, Thomas Young was the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. (The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain ISBN 0-226-76420-6) Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "[[kinetic energy]]" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy."

The [[concept]] of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva, which [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz claimed that heat consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter — a view shared by [[Isaac Newton]], although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. In 1807, Thomas Young was the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. (The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain ISBN 0-226-76420-6) Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "[[kinetic energy]]" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy."

:There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law; it is exact, so far we know. The law is called [[conservation of energy]]; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.''The Feynman Lectures on Physics''

:There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law; it is exact, so far we know. The law is called [[conservation of energy]]; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.''The Feynman Lectures on Physics''

Since 1918 it has been known that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely [[time]]. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of [[physics]] do not distinguish between different moments of time.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy]

Since 1918 it has been known that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely [[time]]. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of [[physics]] do not distinguish between different moments of time.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy]

*[[Zero point energy]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Physics]]

[[Category: Physics]]