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[[Image:Ethics-frame_1.jpg|right|"Work on the word ethic/discipline"]]

[[Image:Ethics-frame_1.jpg|right|"Work on the word ethic/discipline"]]

'''Ethics''' (via [[Latin]] from the [[Ancient Greek]] grc [[ἠθική]] [[φιλοσοφία]] "moral philosophy", from the [[adjective]] of [[ἤθος]] ''ēthos'' "custom, habit"), a major branch of philosophy, is the study of [[Value theory|value]]s and [[Custom (law)|custom]]s of a person or group. It covers the [[Philosophical analysis|analysis]] and employment of [[concept]]s such as [[right]] and [[wrong]], [[good and evil]], and [[moral responsibility|responsibility]]. It is divided into three primary areas: ''meta-ethics'' (the study of the concept of ethics), ''normative ethics'' (the study of how to determine ethical values), and ''applied ethics'' (the study of the use of ethical values).

'''Ethics''' (via [[Latin]] from the [[Ancient Greek]] grc [[ἠθική]] [[φιλοσοφία]] "moral philosophy", from the [[adjective]] of [[ἤθος]] ''ēthos'' "custom, habit"), a major branch of philosophy, is the study of [[Value theory|value]]s and [[Custom (law)|custom]]s of a person or group. It covers the [[Philosophical analysis|analysis]] and employment of [[concept]]s such as [[right]] and [[wrong]], [[good and evil]], and [[moral responsibility|responsibility]]. It is divided into three primary areas: ''meta-ethics'' (the study of the concept of ethics), ''normative ethics'' (the study of how to determine ethical values), and ''applied ethics'' (the study of the use of ethical values).

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Ethics''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Ethics this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Ethics''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Ethics this link].</center>

==Meta-ethics==

==Meta-ethics==

On the other side of the evolutionary fence, [[Phil Roberts, Jr.]] has offered a view in which [[morality]], and particularly the capacity for [[guilt]], is viewed as a maladaptive byproduct of the [[evolution]] of [[rationality]]:

On the other side of the evolutionary fence, [[Phil Roberts, Jr.]] has offered a view in which [[morality]], and particularly the capacity for [[guilt]], is viewed as a maladaptive byproduct of the [[evolution]] of [[rationality]]:

"Guilt is a maladaptive manifestation of our need to justify our existence, in this case by conforming to a shared subconscious theory of rationality in which 'being rational' is simply a matter of 'being objective', as exemplified in the moral maxim, 'Love (intrinsically value) your neighbor as you love (intrinsically value) yourself'. Although none of us can actually measure up to this standard, we nonetheless come to experience feelings of worthlessness (guilt) along with a corresponding reduction in the will to survive (depression) when we deviate from the standard to an unreasonable degree. In other words, the capacity to experience guilt (having a conscience) is a part of the price we humans have had to pay for having become a little too objective for our own good." [http://www.rationology.net]

"Guilt is a maladaptive manifestation of our need to justify our existence, in this case by conforming to a shared subconscious theory of rationality in which 'being rational' is simply a matter of 'being objective', as exemplified in the moral maxim, 'Love (intrinsically value) your neighbor as you love (intrinsically value) yourself'. Although none of us can actually measure up to this standard, we nonetheless come to experience feelings of worthlessness (guilt) along with a corresponding reduction in the will to survive (depression) when we deviate from the standard to an unreasonable degree. In other words, the capacity to experience guilt (having a conscience) is a part of the price we humans have had to pay for having become a little too objective for our own good." [https://www.rationology.net]

===Legal ethics===

===Legal ethics===

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* The [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:  [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Ethics.htm Ethics]

* The [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:  [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Ethics.htm Ethics]

*[http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/22/06/16.html Morality and Ethics: An Introduction]

*[https://www.chiroweb.com/archives/22/06/16.html Morality and Ethics: An Introduction]

* [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]'s book ''Ethics'', discusses an individual's ethical responsibility in the face of evil.

* [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]'s book ''Ethics'', discusses an individual's ethical responsibility in the face of evil.

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.galilean-library.org/int11.html An Introduction to Ethics] by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.

* [https://www.galilean-library.org/int11.html An Introduction to Ethics] by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.

* ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'':

* ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'':

** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ancient/ Ancient Ethics]

** [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ancient/ Ancient Ethics]

** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/ Environmental Ethics]

** [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/ Environmental Ethics]

** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/ Feminist Ethics]

** [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/ Feminist Ethics]

** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-ethics/ Natural Law Tradition in Ethics]

** [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-ethics/ Natural Law Tradition in Ethics]

** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ Virtue Ethics]

** [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ Virtue Ethics]

* [http://www.ditext.com/broad/ftet/ftet.html C. D. Broad, ''Five Types of Ethical Theory'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1930).]

* [https://www.ditext.com/broad/ftet/ftet.html C. D. Broad, ''Five Types of Ethical Theory'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1930).]

* [http://www.ditext.com/cornman/corn6.html James Cornman, "Chapter Six: The Problem of Justifying an Ethical Standard,"] in Philosophical Problems and Arguments — An Introduction, 3d ed., Indianapolis: Hackett, 1982.

* [https://www.ditext.com/cornman/corn6.html James Cornman, "Chapter Six: The Problem of Justifying an Ethical Standard,"] in Philosophical Problems and Arguments — An Introduction, 3d ed., Indianapolis: Hackett, 1982.

* [http://www.ditext.com/frankena/ethics.html William Frankena, ''Ethics'', 2d ed., 1973.]

* [https://www.ditext.com/frankena/ethics.html William Frankena, ''Ethics'', 2d ed., 1973.]

* [http://www.ditext.com/ross/right.html W. D. Ross, ''The Right and the Good'' (1930)]

* [https://www.ditext.com/ross/right.html W. D. Ross, ''The Right and the Good'' (1930)]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]