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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]] [[Image:Nationalgeoskysurvey.jpg|right|frame|<center>"National Geographic Cosmography"</center>]]
[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]] [[Image:Nationalgeoskysurvey.jpg|right|frame|<center>"National Geographic Cosmography"</center>]]
'''Geography''' (from the Greek ''γεωγραφία'' - ''geografia'') is the study of the [[Earth]] and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geography] A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was [[Eratosthenes]] (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial [[analysis]] of natural and human [[phenomena]] (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in [[earth science]]s.[http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G200B/four_20traditions_20of_20geography.pdf] Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing [[discipline]] that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - human geography [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf] and physical geography.[http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/1b.html]
'''Geography''' (from the Greek ''γεωγραφία'' - ''geografia'') is the study of the [[Earth]] and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.[https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geography] A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was [[Eratosthenes]] (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial [[analysis]] of natural and human [[phenomena]] (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in [[earth science]]s.[https://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G200B/four_20traditions_20of_20geography.pdf] Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing [[discipline]] that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - human geography [https://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf] and physical geography.[https://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/1b.html]
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as [[cartographers]] and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in [[toponymy]] and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the [[space|spatial]] and temporal distribution of [[phenomena]], processes and feature as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. [http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm] As space and place affect a variety of topics such as [[economics]], health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as [[cartographers]] and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in [[toponymy]] and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the [[space|spatial]] and temporal distribution of [[phenomena]], processes and feature as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. [https://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm] As space and place affect a variety of topics such as [[economics]], health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
:''mere names of places...are not geography... know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a [[geographer]]. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify [[phenomena]] (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the great laws of [[nature]] and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world';that is Geography. In a word Geography is a Science - a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect.''
:''mere names of places...are not geography... know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a [[geographer]]. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify [[phenomena]] (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the great laws of [[nature]] and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world';that is Geography. In a word Geography is a Science - a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect.''
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields:[human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how [[space]] is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the [[climate]], vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.[http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html] As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is ''environmental geography''. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields:[human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how [[space]] is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the [[climate]], vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.[https://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html] As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is ''environmental geography''. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.
==Branches of geography==
==Branches of geography==
Physical geography (or physiogeography) focuses on geography as an [[Earth science]]. It aims to understand the physical [[lithosphere]], [[hydrosphere]], [[atmosphere]], [[pedosphere]], and global [[flora]] and [[fauna]] patterns ([[biosphere]]). Physical geography can be divided into the following broad categories:
Physical geography (or physiogeography) focuses on geography as an [[Earth science]]. It aims to understand the physical [[lithosphere]], [[hydrosphere]], [[atmosphere]], [[pedosphere]], and global [[flora]] and [[fauna]] patterns ([[biosphere]]). Physical geography can be divided into the following broad categories:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography Biogeography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography Biogeography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology Climatology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology Climatology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology paleoclimatology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology paleoclimatology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography Coastal geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography Coastal geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography Environmental geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography Environmental geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management Environmental management]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management Environmental management]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy Geodesy]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy Geodesy]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology Geomorphology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology Geomorphology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology Glaciology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology Glaciology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography Hydrography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography Hydrography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology Landscape ecology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology Landscape ecology]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography Oceanography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography Oceanography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study) Pedology (soil study)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study) Pedology (soil study)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography Palaeogeography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography Palaeogeography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science Quaternary science]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science Quaternary science]
===Human geography===
===Human geography===
Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various environments. It encompasses [[human]], [[politics|political]], [[culture|cultural]], [[social]], and [[economics|economic]] aspects. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see [[physical geography]]), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and [[environmental geography]] is emerging as a link between the two. Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various environments. It encompasses [[human]], [[politics|political]], [[culture|cultural]], [[social]], and [[economics|economic]] aspects. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see [[physical geography]]), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and [[environmental geography]] is emerging as a link between the two. Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography Cultural geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography Cultural geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_geography Development geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_geography Development geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography Economic geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography Economic geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography Health geography],
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography Health geography],
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography Historical geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography Historical geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography Time geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography Time geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography Political geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography Political geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics Geopolitics]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics Geopolitics]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_geography Population geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_geography Population geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography Demography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography Demography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_geography Religion geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_geography Religion geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography Social geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography Social geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_geography Transportation geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_geography Transportation geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_geography Tourism geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_geography Tourism geography]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography Urban geography]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography Urban geography]
Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include:
Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_geography Behavioral geography]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_geography Behavioral geography]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography Feminist geography]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography Feminist geography]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_theory Culture theory]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_theory Culture theory]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosophy Geosophy]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosophy Geosophy]
=== Environmental geography ===
=== Environmental geography ===
'''Environmental geography''' is the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment.
'''Environmental geography''' is the branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment.
Environmental geography has emerged as a bridge between human and physical geography as a result of the increasing specialisation of the two sub-fields. Furthermore, as human relationship with the environment has changed as a result of globalization and technological change, a new approach was needed to understand the changing and dynamic relationship. Examples of areas of research in environmental geography include emergency management, environmental management, sustainability, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ecology political ecology].
Environmental geography has emerged as a bridge between human and physical geography as a result of the increasing specialisation of the two sub-fields. Furthermore, as human relationship with the environment has changed as a result of globalization and technological change, a new approach was needed to understand the changing and dynamic relationship. Examples of areas of research in environmental geography include emergency management, environmental management, sustainability, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ecology political ecology].
===Geomatics===
===Geomatics===
'''Geomatics''' is a branch of geography that has emerged since the quantitative revolution in geography in the mid 1950s. Geomatics involves the use of traditional spatial techniques used in cartography and topography and their application to computers. Geomatics has become a widespread field with many other disciplines using techniques such as GIS and remote sensing. Geomatics has also led to a revitalization of some geography departments especially in Northern America where the subject had a declining status during the 1950s.
'''Geomatics''' is a branch of geography that has emerged since the quantitative revolution in geography in the mid 1950s. Geomatics involves the use of traditional spatial techniques used in cartography and topography and their application to computers. Geomatics has become a widespread field with many other disciplines using techniques such as GIS and remote sensing. Geomatics has also led to a revitalization of some geography departments especially in Northern America where the subject had a declining status during the 1950s.
Geomatics encompasses a large area of fields involved with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis spatial analysis], such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography Cartography], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Geographic information systems (GIS)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing Remote sensing], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System Global positioning systems (GPS)].
Geomatics encompasses a large area of fields involved with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis spatial analysis], such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography Cartography], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Geographic information systems (GIS)], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing Remote sensing], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System Global positioning systems (GPS)].
===Regional geography===
===Regional geography===
'''Regional geography''' is a branch of geography that studies the regions of all sizes across the [[Earth]]. It has a prevailing descriptive [[character]]. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions.
'''Regional geography''' is a branch of geography that studies the regions of all sizes across the [[Earth]]. It has a prevailing descriptive [[character]]. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions.
Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_geography critical geographies].
Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_geography critical geographies].
=== Related fields ===
=== Related fields ===
==Geographical institutions and societies==
==Geographical institutions and societies==
* [http://giam.zrc-sazu.si/ Anton Melik Geographical Institute] (Slovenia)
* [https://giam.zrc-sazu.si/ Anton Melik Geographical Institute] (Slovenia)
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Society] (U.S.)
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Society] (U.S.)
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/geographybee/ National Geographic Bee] (U.S.)
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/geographybee/ National Geographic Bee] (U.S.)
* [http://www.rcgs.org/ Royal Canadian Geographical Society] (Canada)
* [https://www.rcgs.org/ Royal Canadian Geographical Society] (Canada)
* [http://www.rgs.org/ Royal Geographical Society] (UK)
* [https://www.rgs.org/ Royal Geographical Society] (UK)
==Publications==
==Publications==
* ''[http://www.macalester.edu/geography/agr/ African Geographical Review]''
* ''[https://www.macalester.edu/geography/agr/ African Geographical Review]''
* ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society Geographical Review]''
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society Geographical Review]''
==Notes and references==
==Notes and references==
#"Geography". The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
#"Geography". The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
#Pattison, W.D. (1990). "The Four Traditions of Geography". Journal of Geography 89 (5): pp. 202–6. doi:10.1080/00221349008979196. ISSN 0022-1341. http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G200B/four_20traditions_20of_20geography.pdf. Reprint of a 1964 article.
#Pattison, W.D. (1990). "The Four Traditions of Geography". Journal of Geography 89 (5): pp. 202–6. doi:10.1080/00221349008979196. ISSN 0022-1341. https://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G200B/four_20traditions_20of_20geography.pdf. Reprint of a 1964 article.
#http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf
#https://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf
#http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/1b.html
#https://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/1b.html
#Hayes-Bohanan, James. "What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?". Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
#Hayes-Bohanan, James. "What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?". Retrieved on October 9, 2006.
#Hughes, William. (1863). The Study of Geography. Lecture delivered at King's College, London by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in Baker, J.N.L (1963). The History of Geography. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. p. 66.
#Hughes, William. (1863). The Study of Geography. Lecture delivered at King's College, London by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in Baker, J.N.L (1963). The History of Geography. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. p. 66.
==External links==
==External links==
*Teaching Geography
*Teaching Geography
** [http://www.geoknow.net GeoKnow.net - Geography news, information and resources at your fingertips]
** [https://www.geoknow.net GeoKnow.net - Geography news, information and resources at your fingertips]
** [http://www.juicygeography.co.uk/ Juicy Geography - ideas and resources for teachers]
** [https://www.juicygeography.co.uk/ Juicy Geography - ideas and resources for teachers]
** [http://www.geointeractive.co.uk GeoInteractive - shared resources for teachers]
** [https://www.geointeractive.co.uk GeoInteractive - shared resources for teachers]
** [http://www.geocasestudies.com Geography case studies for students]
** [https://www.geocasestudies.com Geography case studies for students]
** [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/ The Geography-Site]
** [https://www.geography-site.co.uk/ The Geography-Site]
** [http://www.geographyteachingtoday.org.uk/ Geography Teaching Today - Curriculum development project]
** [https://www.geographyteachingtoday.org.uk/ Geography Teaching Today - Curriculum development project]
** [http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ geographyalltheway.com - Online Geography Resources]
** [https://www.geographyalltheway.com/ geographyalltheway.com - Online Geography Resources]
** [http://www.wartoft.nu/software/seterra/ Seterra - Free Geography Software]
** [https://www.wartoft.nu/software/seterra/ Seterra - Free Geography Software]
*Multimedia Geography Resources
*Multimedia Geography Resources
** [http://earth.google.com Google Earth: View the World from your Desktop]
** [https://earth.google.com Google Earth: View the World from your Desktop]
** [http://www.guardian.co.uk/interactive Flash Animations on Geographical Themes]
** [https://www.guardian.co.uk/interactive Flash Animations on Geographical Themes]
** [http://geographyatthemovies.co.uk/ Geography Movies free for download]
** [https://geographyatthemovies.co.uk/ Geography Movies free for download]
** [http://www.arkive.org/ Images of Life on Earth]
** [https://www.arkive.org/ Images of Life on Earth]
** [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/ World in the Balance (PBS)]
** [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/ World in the Balance (PBS)]
** [http://www.hypergeo.eu/ Hypergeo : Electronical Encyclopedia of Geography]
** [https://www.hypergeo.eu/ Hypergeo : Electronical Encyclopedia of Geography]
*Geographical Associations and Pressure Groups
*Geographical Associations and Pressure Groups
** [http://www.igu-net.org/ International Geographical Union]
** [https://www.igu-net.org/ International Geographical Union]
** [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Online]
** [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Online]
** [http://www.rgs.org Royal Geographical Society]
** [https://www.rgs.org Royal Geographical Society]
** [http://www.aag.org/ Association of American Geographers]
** [https://www.aag.org/ Association of American Geographers]
** [http://www.rcgs.org Royal Canadian Geographical Society]
** [https://www.rcgs.org Royal Canadian Geographical Society]
** [http://www.cag-acg.ca/en/ Canadian Association of Geographers]
** [https://www.cag-acg.ca/en/ Canadian Association of Geographers]
** [http://rgo.msk.ru/ Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre)]
** [https://rgo.msk.ru/ Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre)]
** [http://igu.org.ru/ International Geographical Union - Russian National Committee]
** [https://igu.org.ru/ International Geographical Union - Russian National Committee]
** [http://www.geografos.org Colegio de Geógrafos - España]
** [https://www.geografos.org Colegio de Geógrafos - España]
** [http://www.geografs.org Col.legi de Geògrafs - Catalunya]
** [https://www.geografs.org Col.legi de Geògrafs - Catalunya]
[[Category: Geography]]
[[Category: Geography]]
[[Category:Earth Science]]
[[Category:Earth Science]]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: General Reference]]