Changes

==Etymology==

==Etymology==

[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] enmite, from Anglo-French enemité, enemisté, from enemi enemy

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] enmite, from Anglo-French enemité, enemisté, from enemi enemy

*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Century 13th century]

*Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Century 13th century]

 

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*positive, [[active]], and typically [[mutual]] '''hatred''' or ill will

*positive, [[active]], and typically [[mutual]] '''hatred''' or ill will

'''Hatred''' (or hate) is an [[intense]] feeling of dislike. It may occur in a wide variety of [[contexts]], from hatred of inanimate objects or [[animals]], to hatred of oneself or other people, entire [[groups]] of people, people in general, [[existence]], or everything. Though not always, hatred is often [[associated]] with [[feelings]] of [[anger]].

'''Hatred''' (or hate) is an [[intense]] feeling of dislike. It may occur in a wide variety of [[contexts]], from hatred of inanimate objects or [[animals]], to hatred of oneself or other people, entire [[groups]] of people, people in general, [[existence]], or everything. Though not always, hatred is often [[associated]] with [[feelings]] of [[anger]].

==Philosophical views==

==Philosophical views==

[[Philosophers]] have offered many [[influential]] definitions of hatred. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes René Descartes] viewed hate as an [[awareness]] that something is bad combined with an urge to withdraw from it. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza Baruch Spinoza] defined hate as a type of [[pain]] that is due to an external [[cause]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] viewed hate as a [[desire]] for the [[annihilation]] of an object that is incurable by [[time]]. Finally, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] believed that hate is an irreducible [[feeling]] that is not definable at all.

[[Philosophers]] have offered many [[influential]] definitions of hatred. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes René Descartes] viewed hate as an [[awareness]] that something is bad combined with an urge to withdraw from it. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza Baruch Spinoza] defined hate as a type of [[pain]] that is due to an external [[cause]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] viewed hate as a [[desire]] for the [[annihilation]] of an object that is incurable by [[time]]. Finally, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] believed that hate is an irreducible [[feeling]] that is not definable at all.

==Psychoanalytic views==

==Psychoanalytic views==

In [[psychoanalysis]], [[Sigmund Freud]] defined hate as an [[ego]] state that wishes to destroy the [[source]] of its unhappiness. More recently, the ''Penguin Dictionary of Psychology'' defines hate as a "deep, enduring, [[intense]] [[emotion]] expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a [[person]], [[group]], or object." Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many [[psychologists]] consider it to be more of an [[attitude]] or disposition than a temporary [[emotional]] state.

In [[psychoanalysis]], [[Sigmund Freud]] defined hate as an [[ego]] state that wishes to destroy the [[source]] of its unhappiness. More recently, the ''Penguin Dictionary of Psychology'' defines hate as a "deep, enduring, [[intense]] [[emotion]] expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a [[person]], [[group]], or object." Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many [[psychologists]] consider it to be more of an [[attitude]] or disposition than a temporary [[emotional]] state.

==Neurological research==

==Neurological research==

The [[neural]] correlates of hate have been [[investigated]] with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] procedure. In this [[experiment]], people had their [[brains]] scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased [[activity]] in the medial [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_gyrus frontal gyrus], right [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen putamen], bilaterally in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premotor_cortex premotor cortex], in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_pole frontal pole], and bilaterally in the medial [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula insula] of the [[human]] [[brain]]. The [[researchers]] concluded that there is a distinct [[pattern]] of [[brain]] [[activity]] that occurs when people are [[experiencing]] hatred.

The [[neural]] correlates of hate have been [[investigated]] with an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] procedure. In this [[experiment]], people had their [[brains]] scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased [[activity]] in the medial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_gyrus frontal gyrus], right [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen putamen], bilaterally in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premotor_cortex premotor cortex], in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_pole frontal pole], and bilaterally in the medial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula insula] of the [[human]] [[brain]]. The [[researchers]] concluded that there is a distinct [[pattern]] of [[brain]] [[activity]] that occurs when people are [[experiencing]] hatred.

==Legal issues==

==Legal issues==

A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime hate crime] (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers to [[criminal]] [[acts]] which are seen to have been [[motivated]] by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve [[physical]] assault, destruction of [[property]], bullying, harassment, verbal [[abuse]] or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail). Those who commit hate crimes target victims because of their [[perceived]] membership in a certain social [[group]], usually defined by racial [[group]], [[gender]], [[religion]], [[sexual]] orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, [[gender]] [[identity]], or political affiliation.[6]

A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime hate crime] (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers to [[criminal]] [[acts]] which are seen to have been [[motivated]] by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve [[physical]] assault, destruction of [[property]], bullying, harassment, verbal [[abuse]] or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail). Those who commit hate crimes target victims because of their [[perceived]] membership in a certain social [[group]], usually defined by racial [[group]], [[gender]], [[religion]], [[sexual]] orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, [[gender]] [[identity]], or political affiliation.[6]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech Hate speech] is speech [[perceived]] to disparage a [[person]] or [[group]] of people based on their [[social]] or ethnic group, such as race, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, [[religion]], sexual orientation, [[gender]] identity, disability, [[language]] ability, [[ideology]], [[social]] class, occupation, appearance (height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered by some as a liability. The term covers [[written]] as well as [[oral]] [[communication]] and some forms of [[behaviors]] in a [[public]] setting. It is also sometimes called antilocution and is the first point on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allport%27s_scale Allport's scale] which [[measures]] [[prejudice]] in a [[society]]. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a criminal offence prohibited under incitement to hatred legislation.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmity]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech Hate speech] is speech [[perceived]] to disparage a [[person]] or [[group]] of people based on their [[social]] or ethnic group, such as race, gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, [[religion]], sexual orientation, [[gender]] identity, disability, [[language]] ability, [[ideology]], [[social]] class, occupation, appearance (height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered by some as a liability. The term covers [[written]] as well as [[oral]] [[communication]] and some forms of [[behaviors]] in a [[public]] setting. It is also sometimes called antilocution and is the first point on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allport%27s_scale Allport's scale] which [[measures]] [[prejudice]] in a [[society]]. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a criminal offence prohibited under incitement to hatred legislation.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmity]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]