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The term '''''Hebrew Bible''''' is a generic reference to books of the [[Bible]], originally written in [[Hebrew]], and of uncontroversial [[canon|canonicity]]. The term closely corresponds to contents of the Jewish [[Tanakh]] and the Protestant[Old Testament, but does not include the [[deuterocanonical]] portions of the Roman Catholic Old Testament. The term does not imply naming, numbering or ordering of books, while both [[Tanakh]] and Old Testament do.

The term '''''Hebrew Bible''''' is a generic reference to books of the [[Bible]], originally written in [[Hebrew]], and of uncontroversial [[canon|canonicity]]. The term closely corresponds to contents of the Jewish [[Tanakh]] and the Protestant[Old Testament, but does not include the [[deuterocanonical]] portions of the Roman Catholic Old Testament. The term does not imply naming, numbering or ordering of books, while both [[Tanakh]] and Old Testament do.

*To read the books of the '''''Hebrew Bible''''', [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Hebrew_Bible follow this link ]

*To read the books of the '''''Hebrew Bible''''', [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Hebrew_Bible follow this link ]

==Usage==

==Usage==

''Hebrew Bible'' is a term that refers to the common portions of the [[Tanakh|Jewish canon]] and the [[Bible#Christian Bible|Christian canons]]. In its Latin form, ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'', it traditionally serves as a title for printed editions of the [[Masoretic Text|masoretic text]].

''Hebrew Bible'' is a term that refers to the common portions of the [[Tanakh|Jewish canon]] and the [[Bible#Christian Bible|Christian canons]]. In its Latin form, ''[[Biblia Hebraica]]'', it traditionally serves as a title for printed editions of the [[Masoretic Text|masoretic text]].

Many [[intellectual|scholars]] advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible when discussing these books in academic writing, as a neutral substitute to terms with [[religious]] connotations. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html] (From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the [[Logos|Word of God]]), Mark Hamilton) Modern scholars often use the term 'Hebrew Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh.The [[Society of Biblical Literature]]'s ''Handbook of Style'', which is the standard for major academic journals like ''[[Harvard Theological Review]]'' and conservative Protestant journals like ''[[Bibliotheca Sacra]]'' and ''[[Westminster Theological Journal]]'', suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as ... Hebrew Bible [and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of either. (The SBL Handbook of Style , ISBN 1-56563-487-X | pages=p. 17 (section 4.3) [http://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/SBLHS.pdf]

Many [[intellectual|scholars]] advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible when discussing these books in academic writing, as a neutral substitute to terms with [[religious]] connotations. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/scriptures.html] (From Hebrew Bible to Christian Bible: Jews, Christians and the [[Logos|Word of God]]), Mark Hamilton) Modern scholars often use the term 'Hebrew Bible' to avoid the confessional terms Old Testament and Tanakh.The [[Society of Biblical Literature]]'s ''Handbook of Style'', which is the standard for major academic journals like ''[[Harvard Theological Review]]'' and conservative Protestant journals like ''[[Bibliotheca Sacra]]'' and ''[[Westminster Theological Journal]]'', suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as ... Hebrew Bible [and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of either. (The SBL Handbook of Style , ISBN 1-56563-487-X | pages=p. 17 (section 4.3) [https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/SBLHS.pdf]

Additional difficulties include:

Additional difficulties include:

==Confessional term==

==Confessional term==

The description ''confessional'' is applied to terms that provide more than an objective label, by suggesting a particular subjective stance. For example, ''rebels'' and ''freedom fighters'' may be used to refer to the same people. The terms are "confessional" in that they also express distinct stances towards those people. The expression ''confessional term'' is normally, but not exclusively, used in religious [[contexts]]. ''Confessional'' is more precisely intended to convey the self-referential nature of particular terms, they imply something about the user's own stance towards a controversial issue. As such, confessional terms fall under the purview of a branch of [[linguistic]] pragmatics called [[indexicality]]. "Nobody can declare someone else to be a womanist. It is a confessional term. In claiming it, one says that one starts by standing with Black women's reality." [http://www.bates.edu/x1554.xml 'Womanist to deliver Zerby lecture'] Bates College Press Release '''235''', 20 September, 1997.

The description ''confessional'' is applied to terms that provide more than an objective label, by suggesting a particular subjective stance. For example, ''rebels'' and ''freedom fighters'' may be used to refer to the same people. The terms are "confessional" in that they also express distinct stances towards those people. The expression ''confessional term'' is normally, but not exclusively, used in religious [[contexts]]. ''Confessional'' is more precisely intended to convey the self-referential nature of particular terms, they imply something about the user's own stance towards a controversial issue. As such, confessional terms fall under the purview of a branch of [[linguistic]] pragmatics called [[indexicality]]. "Nobody can declare someone else to be a womanist. It is a confessional term. In claiming it, one says that one starts by standing with Black women's reality." [https://www.bates.edu/x1554.xml 'Womanist to deliver Zerby lecture'] Bates College Press Release '''235''', 20 September, 1997.

In the case of Tanakh and Old Testament, these are confessional terms in the sense that a writer may be using them as more than an objective reference to a set of books. In ecumenical and international theological journals, writers often wish to present arguments that depend on premises independent of traditional conclusions, or that challenge them. Writers will sometimes use non-confessional terms so their particular arguments can be evaluated, without reference to whatever confessional positions they may or may not hold.

In the case of Tanakh and Old Testament, these are confessional terms in the sense that a writer may be using them as more than an objective reference to a set of books. In ecumenical and international theological journals, writers often wish to present arguments that depend on premises independent of traditional conclusions, or that challenge them. Writers will sometimes use non-confessional terms so their particular arguments can be evaluated, without reference to whatever confessional positions they may or may not hold.

Both Gnosticism (with its [[pseudepigrapha]]l gospels) and Marcion stimulated early Christian efforts to find consensus regarding a [[canon]] of [[scripture]]. Ultimately consensus excluded Gnostic [[books]] and included the Hebrew scriptures (most often the Greek Septuagint translation of them), but remained elusive regarding some New Testament books. The continued use of the Hebrew scriptures as scripture was a deliberate and significant decision. It was a decision that meant they were accepted as [[authoritative]] on matters of doctrine and normative for matters of everyday life.

Both Gnosticism (with its [[pseudepigrapha]]l gospels) and Marcion stimulated early Christian efforts to find consensus regarding a [[canon]] of [[scripture]]. Ultimately consensus excluded Gnostic [[books]] and included the Hebrew scriptures (most often the Greek Septuagint translation of them), but remained elusive regarding some New Testament books. The continued use of the Hebrew scriptures as scripture was a deliberate and significant decision. It was a decision that meant they were accepted as [[authoritative]] on matters of doctrine and normative for matters of everyday life.

The word ''testament'' is a traditional [[English]] translation of the Hebrew word ''berit'' ([[covenant]], contract or deal). The Jewish Encyclopedia notes several covenants between God and man in the Tanakh, including: [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], Aaron and David. 'Covenant', in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906, [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=837&letter=C&search=Covenant online link] It also discusses Jeremiah's [[prophecy]] of a [[New Covenant|"new covenant"]] (''berit hadash'' in Hebrew, [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 31:31) and comments, "Christianity . . . interpreted the words of the prophet in such a way as to indicate a new religious dispensation in place of the law of Moses ([[Book of Hebrews|Hebrews]] 8:8-13)." ''Ibid'', [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=837&letter=C&search=Covenant#2888 The Old and the New Covenant], [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=New%20Testament New Testament]

The word ''testament'' is a traditional [[English]] translation of the Hebrew word ''berit'' ([[covenant]], contract or deal). The Jewish Encyclopedia notes several covenants between God and man in the Tanakh, including: [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], Aaron and David. 'Covenant', in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906, [https://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=837&letter=C&search=Covenant online link] It also discusses Jeremiah's [[prophecy]] of a [[New Covenant|"new covenant"]] (''berit hadash'' in Hebrew, [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 31:31) and comments, "Christianity . . . interpreted the words of the prophet in such a way as to indicate a new religious dispensation in place of the law of Moses ([[Book of Hebrews|Hebrews]] 8:8-13)." ''Ibid'', [https://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=837&letter=C&search=Covenant#2888 The Old and the New Covenant], [https://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=New%20Testament New Testament]

Christians of all [[tradition]]s could be cited that would acknowledge the understanding the Jewish Encyclopedia expresses in this article. However, just as the Jewish Encyclopedia acknowledges a series of covenants, that are nonetheless in some sense united, so in fact does ecumenical Christianity. The term ''[[dispensation]]'' is common in English language Christian theology in addressing the complicated issues Christians have found in understanding the relationships between the covenants in the Hebrew scriptures, and between those covenants and what the [[New Testament]] (often associated with the [[New Covenant]]) says about its own relationship to prior covenants.

Christians of all [[tradition]]s could be cited that would acknowledge the understanding the Jewish Encyclopedia expresses in this article. However, just as the Jewish Encyclopedia acknowledges a series of covenants, that are nonetheless in some sense united, so in fact does ecumenical Christianity. The term ''[[dispensation]]'' is common in English language Christian theology in addressing the complicated issues Christians have found in understanding the relationships between the covenants in the Hebrew scriptures, and between those covenants and what the [[New Testament]] (often associated with the [[New Covenant]]) says about its own relationship to prior covenants.

* Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, ISBN 0-297-79091-9

* Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, ISBN 0-297-79091-9

* Kuntz, John Kenneth. ''The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought'', Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3

* Kuntz, John Kenneth. ''The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought'', Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3

*''[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1195546723809&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Nothing old about it]'' by Shmuley Boteach (Jerusalem Post, November 28, 2007).

*''[https://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1195546723809&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Nothing old about it]'' by Shmuley Boteach (Jerusalem Post, November 28, 2007).

[[Category:Religion ]]

[[Category:Religion ]]