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'''History''' is the study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day. Whitney, W. D. (1889). [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]. New York: The Century Co. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1 2842].  All that is remembered of the past and preserved in some form is seen as the historical record.[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn WordNet Search - 3.0], "History". Some historians study universal history, comprising all that has been recorded of the human past and all that can be deduced from artifacts.  Others focus on certain methods, such as [[chronology]], [[demographics]], [[historiography]], [[genealogy]], [[paleography]], and [[cliometrics]], or areas, for example [[History of Brazil (1889–1930)]], [[History of China]], or [[History of Science]].

'''History''' is the study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day. Whitney, W. D. (1889). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]. New York: The Century Co. Page [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1 2842].  All that is remembered of the past and preserved in some form is seen as the historical record.[https://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn WordNet Search - 3.0], "History". Some historians study universal history, comprising all that has been recorded of the human past and all that can be deduced from artifacts.  Others focus on certain methods, such as [[chronology]], [[demographics]], [[historiography]], [[genealogy]], [[paleography]], and [[cliometrics]], or areas, for example [[History of Brazil (1889–1930)]], [[History of China]], or [[History of Science]].

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''History''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:History/TeaM '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''History''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:History/TeaM '''''this link'''''].</center>

==Etymology==

==Etymology==

==Broad discipline==

==Broad discipline==

Although the broad discipline of history has often been classified under either the [[humanities]] or the [[social sciences]], Scott Gordon and  James Gordon Irving, ''The History and Philosophy of Social Science''. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0415056829 and can be seen as a bridge between them, incorporating methodologies from both fields of study, Ritter places history in the humanities, and asserts that it is not a science.Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416. In the 20th century the study of history was revolutionized by French [[historian]] [[Fernand Braudel]], by  considering the effects of such outside disciplines as [[economics]], [[anthropology]], and [[geography]] on global history. Traditionally, historians have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents, although historical research is not limited merely to these sources. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three. Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0415123461. Historians frequently emphasize the importance of written records, which would limit history to times after the [[history of writing|development of writing]]. This emphasis has led to the term ''[[prehistory]]''. According [http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php archaeological.org], to refer to any period of human history preceding written records referring to a time before written sources are available. Since writing emerged at different times throughout the world, the distinction between prehistory and history is often dependent on the area being studied.

Although the broad discipline of history has often been classified under either the [[humanities]] or the [[social sciences]], Scott Gordon and  James Gordon Irving, ''The History and Philosophy of Social Science''. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0415056829 and can be seen as a bridge between them, incorporating methodologies from both fields of study, Ritter places history in the humanities, and asserts that it is not a science.Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416. In the 20th century the study of history was revolutionized by French [[historian]] [[Fernand Braudel]], by  considering the effects of such outside disciplines as [[economics]], [[anthropology]], and [[geography]] on global history. Traditionally, historians have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents, although historical research is not limited merely to these sources. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three. Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0415123461. Historians frequently emphasize the importance of written records, which would limit history to times after the [[history of writing|development of writing]]. This emphasis has led to the term ''[[prehistory]]''. According [https://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php archaeological.org], to refer to any period of human history preceding written records referring to a time before written sources are available. Since writing emerged at different times throughout the world, the distinction between prehistory and history is often dependent on the area being studied.

There are a variety of ways in which the past can be divided, including chronologically, [[culture|culturally]], and topically. These three divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The [[Argentine]] [[Labor Movement]] in an Age of Transition, 1930&ndash;1945." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the trend has been toward specialization.  The area called [[Big History]] resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends.  Traditionally, history has been studied with some practical or [[theory|theoretical]] aim, but now it is also studied simply out of intellectual curiosity.The Shape of the Past, Graham, Gordon, Oxford University

There are a variety of ways in which the past can be divided, including chronologically, [[culture|culturally]], and topically. These three divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The [[Argentine]] [[Labor Movement]] in an Age of Transition, 1930&ndash;1945." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the trend has been toward specialization.  The area called [[Big History]] resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends.  Traditionally, history has been studied with some practical or [[theory|theoretical]] aim, but now it is also studied simply out of intellectual curiosity.The Shape of the Past, Graham, Gordon, Oxford University

==History and prehistory==

==History and prehistory==

The development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the ''subject of history''. In the 20th century, the division between history and prehistory became problematic. Criticism arose because of history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[pre-Columbian America]]. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the [[Western world]]. [[Jack Goody]] (2007) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jo1UVi48KywC The Theft of History]'' Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521870690 "Sacred_bundle"[http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/%7Edsegal/Segal] [http://www.stanford.edu/dept/anthroCASA/people/faculty/yanagisako.html Sylvia J. Yanagisako] (eds.), James Clifford, Ian Hodder, Rena Lederman, Michael Silverstein, Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology, Duke University Press [http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm&template2=books/book_detail_page.htm&user_id=11016434335&Bmain.Btitle_option=1&Bmain.Btitle=Unwrapping+the+Sacred+Bundle][http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/%7Edsegal/theory/yanasegal.pdf Introduction available online]. Reviewed by [http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/jlat.2006.11.1.235 Daniel Reichman] of [[Cornell University]]; [http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/an.2006.47.1.8.2?journalCode=an Eric Alden Smith] of the [[University of Washington]]; [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00372_39.x Herbert S. Lewis] of the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]; and [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/anthropological_quarterly/v078/78.4song.pdf Hoon Song] of the [[University of Minnesota]].

The development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the ''subject of history''. In the 20th century, the division between history and prehistory became problematic. Criticism arose because of history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[pre-Columbian America]]. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the [[Western world]]. [[Jack Goody]] (2007) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jo1UVi48KywC The Theft of History]'' Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521870690 "Sacred_bundle"[https://pzacad.pitzer.edu/%7Edsegal/Segal] [https://www.stanford.edu/dept/anthroCASA/people/faculty/yanagisako.html Sylvia J. Yanagisako] (eds.), James Clifford, Ian Hodder, Rena Lederman, Michael Silverstein, Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology, Duke University Press [https://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm&template2=books/book_detail_page.htm&user_id=11016434335&Bmain.Btitle_option=1&Bmain.Btitle=Unwrapping+the+Sacred+Bundle][https://pzacad.pitzer.edu/%7Edsegal/theory/yanasegal.pdf Introduction available online]. Reviewed by [https://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/jlat.2006.11.1.235 Daniel Reichman] of [[Cornell University]]; [https://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/an.2006.47.1.8.2?journalCode=an Eric Alden Smith] of the [[University of Washington]]; [https://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00372_39.x Herbert S. Lewis] of the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]; and [https://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/anthropological_quarterly/v078/78.4song.pdf Hoon Song] of the [[University of Minnesota]].

Additionally, prehistorians such as [[Vere Gordon Childe]] and historical archaeologists such as [[James Deetz]] began using archaeology to explain important events in areas that were traditionally in the field of written history. Historians began looking beyond traditional political history narratives with new approaches such as economic, social and cultural history, all of which relied on various sources of evidence.  In recent decades, strict barriers between history and prehistory may be decreasing.

Additionally, prehistorians such as [[Vere Gordon Childe]] and historical archaeologists such as [[James Deetz]] began using archaeology to explain important events in areas that were traditionally in the field of written history. Historians began looking beyond traditional political history narratives with new approaches such as economic, social and cultural history, all of which relied on various sources of evidence.  In recent decades, strict barriers between history and prehistory may be decreasing.

In 1910, American historian [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]] printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume ''A Letter to American Teachers of History'' proposing a "theory of history" based on the [[second law of thermodynamics]] and the principle of [[entropy]]. Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.</ref><ref>Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History.  

In 1910, American historian [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]] printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume ''A Letter to American Teachers of History'' proposing a "theory of history" based on the [[second law of thermodynamics]] and the principle of [[entropy]]. Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.</ref><ref>Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History.  

[http://books.google.com/books?id=gaLdOOzuiKAC&pg=PA1&dq=A+Letter+to+American+Teachers+of+History#PPA10,M1 Google Books], [http://ia311517.us.archive.org/0/items/alettertoamerica00adamuoft/alettertoamerica00adamuoft.pdf Scanned PDF]. Washington. This, essentially, is the use of the [[arrow of time]] in history.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=gaLdOOzuiKAC&pg=PA1&dq=A+Letter+to+American+Teachers+of+History#PPA10,M1 Google Books], [https://ia311517.us.archive.org/0/items/alettertoamerica00adamuoft/alettertoamerica00adamuoft.pdf Scanned PDF]. Washington. This, essentially, is the use of the [[arrow of time]] in history.

==Historical methods==

==Historical methods==

;Further reading

;Further reading

*Williams, H. S. (1907). [http://books.google.com/books?id=g5sFAAAAIAAJ The historians' history of the world]. (ed., This is Book 1 of 25 Volumes; [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Historians__History_of_the_World.pdf?id=g5sFAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=fg_jzCIwiXQiuqVE7Q_ciy4ulok PDF version is available])

*Williams, H. S. (1907). [https://books.google.com/books?id=g5sFAAAAIAAJ The historians' history of the world]. (ed., This is Book 1 of 25 Volumes; [https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Historians__History_of_the_World.pdf?id=g5sFAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=fg_jzCIwiXQiuqVE7Q_ciy4ulok PDF version is available])

* Wells, H. G. (1921). [http://books.google.com/books?id=1O4BAAAAMAAJ The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind]. (ed., This is Book 1 of multi-volume set.)

* Wells, H. G. (1921). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1O4BAAAAMAAJ The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind]. (ed., This is Book 1 of multi-volume set.)

;General Information

;General Information

*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project] See also [[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]. Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use.

*[https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project] See also [[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]. Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use.

*[http://vlib.iue.it/history/index.html WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue] first history on the WWW, located at European University Institute

*[https://vlib.iue.it/history/index.html WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue] first history on the WWW, located at European University Institute

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history BBC History Site]

*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history BBC History Site]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: History]]