https://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&feed=atom&action=historyHolism - Revision history2024-03-29T06:35:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.0https://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&diff=131258&oldid=prevMywikis: Text replacement - "http://" to "https://"2020-12-13T04:17:27Z<p>Text replacement - "http://" to "https://"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:17, 13 December 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Greek]] ὅλος whole</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Greek]] ὅλος whole</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 1926]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 1926]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Definitions==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Definitions==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*1: a [[theory]] that the [[universe]] and especially living [[nature]] is correctly seen in terms of [[interacting]] wholes (as of living [[organisms]]) that are more than the mere sum of elementary [[particles]] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*1: a [[theory]] that the [[universe]] and especially living [[nature]] is correctly seen in terms of [[interacting]] wholes (as of living [[organisms]]) that are more than the mere sum of elementary [[particles]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Holism''' (from ὂλος holos, a Greek word [[meaning]] all, whole, entire, [[total]]), is the idea that [[natural]] systems ([[physical]], [[biological]], [[chemical]], [[social]], [[economic]], [[mental]], [[linguistic]], etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as [[collections]] of [[parts]]. This often includes the view that systems somehow [[function]] as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Holism''' (from ὂλος holos, a Greek word [[meaning]] all, whole, entire, [[total]]), is the idea that [[natural]] systems ([[physical]], [[biological]], [[chemical]], [[social]], [[economic]], [[mental]], [[linguistic]], etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as [[collections]] of [[parts]]. This often includes the view that systems somehow [[function]] as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term ''holism'' was coined in 1926 by [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts Jan Smuts]. [[Reductionism]] is sometimes seen as the [[opposite]] of holism. Reductionism in [[science]] says that a [[complex]] system can be explained by reduction to its fundamental [[parts]]. For example, the [[processes]] of [[biology]] are reducible to [[chemistry]] and the laws of chemistry are explained by [[physics]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term ''holism'' was coined in 1926 by [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts Jan Smuts]. [[Reductionism]] is sometimes seen as the [[opposite]] of holism. Reductionism in [[science]] says that a [[complex]] system can be explained by reduction to its fundamental [[parts]]. For example, the [[processes]] of [[biology]] are reducible to [[chemistry]] and the laws of chemistry are explained by [[physics]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social scientist and physician [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_A._Christakis Nicholas A. Christakis] [[explains]] that "for the last few centuries, the [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian Cartesian] project in [[science]] has been to break [[matter]] down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of [[understanding]]. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to [[understand]] them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social scientist and physician [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_A._Christakis Nicholas A. Christakis] [[explains]] that "for the last few centuries, the [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian Cartesian] project in [[science]] has been to break [[matter]] down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of [[understanding]]. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to [[understand]] them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term holism was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts, a South African statesman, in his book, ''Holism and Evolution''. Smuts defined holism as "The tendency in [[nature]] to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through [[creative]] [[evolution]]."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term holism was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts, a South African statesman, in his book, ''Holism and Evolution''. Smuts defined holism as "The tendency in [[nature]] to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through [[creative]] [[evolution]]."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The idea has [[ancient]] [[roots]]. Examples of holism can be found throughout human [[history]] and in the most diverse socio-cultural [[contexts]], as has been confirmed by many [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology ethnological] studies. The French Protestant missionary, [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Leenhardt Maurice Leenhardt] coined the term ''cosmomorphism'' to indicate the state of [[perfect]] symbiosis with the surrounding [[environment]] which characterized the culture of the [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians Melanesians] of [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia New Caledonia]. For these people, an isolated [[individual]] is totally indeterminate, indistinct and featureless until he can find his [[position]] within the natural and social world in which he is inserted. The confines between the [[self]] and the world are annulled to the point that the material [[body]] itself is no guarantee of the sort of [[recognition]] of [[identity]] which is typical of our own [[culture]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The idea has [[ancient]] [[roots]]. Examples of holism can be found throughout human [[history]] and in the most diverse socio-cultural [[contexts]], as has been confirmed by many [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology ethnological] studies. The French Protestant missionary, [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Leenhardt Maurice Leenhardt] coined the term ''cosmomorphism'' to indicate the state of [[perfect]] symbiosis with the surrounding [[environment]] which characterized the culture of the [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians Melanesians] of [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia New Caledonia]. For these people, an isolated [[individual]] is totally indeterminate, indistinct and featureless until he can find his [[position]] within the natural and social world in which he is inserted. The confines between the [[self]] and the world are annulled to the point that the material [[body]] itself is no guarantee of the sort of [[recognition]] of [[identity]] which is typical of our own [[culture]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, the concept of holism also played a pivotal role in [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoza Spinoza]'s philosophy and more recently in that of [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegel Hegel] and [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husserl Husserl].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, the concept of holism also played a pivotal role in [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoza Spinoza]'s philosophy and more recently in that of [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegel Hegel] and [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husserl Husserl].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the latter half of the 20th century, holism led to [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking systems thinking] and its derivatives, like the sciences of [[chaos]] and [[complexity]]. Systems in [[biology]], [[psychology]], or [[sociology]] are frequently so complex that their behavior is, or appears, "new" or "emergent": it cannot be deduced from the properties of the elements alone.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the latter half of the 20th century, holism led to [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking systems thinking] and its derivatives, like the sciences of [[chaos]] and [[complexity]]. Systems in [[biology]], [[psychology]], or [[sociology]] are frequently so complex that their behavior is, or appears, "new" or "emergent": it cannot be deduced from the properties of the elements alone.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Holism has thus been used as a catchword. This contributed to the resistance encountered by the scientific interpretation of holism, which insists that there are [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology ontological] reasons that prevent reductive models in [[principle]] from providing efficient [[algorithms]] for [[prediction]] of system behavior in certain classes of systems. Holism has also been described as "a soapy term which evades [[necessary]] [[conflict]]," in accordance with its inventor's philosophy of [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy white supremacy] and exclusion of South Africans from political rights. Although it can also be suggested that a thinker's [[beliefs]] in one area should not be used to dismiss their beliefs in another. For example,Mahatma [[Gandhi]]'s [[racist]] beliefs should not be used to dismiss the value he placed on [[non-violent resistance]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Holism has thus been used as a catchword. This contributed to the resistance encountered by the scientific interpretation of holism, which insists that there are [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology ontological] reasons that prevent reductive models in [[principle]] from providing efficient [[algorithms]] for [[prediction]] of system behavior in certain classes of systems. Holism has also been described as "a soapy term which evades [[necessary]] [[conflict]]," in accordance with its inventor's philosophy of [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy white supremacy] and exclusion of South Africans from political rights. Although it can also be suggested that a thinker's [[beliefs]] in one area should not be used to dismiss their beliefs in another. For example,Mahatma [[Gandhi]]'s [[racist]] beliefs should not be used to dismiss the value he placed on [[non-violent resistance]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientific holism holds that the [[behavior]] of a system cannot be perfectly [[predicted]], no matter how much [[data]] is available. Natural systems can produce [[surprisingly]] unexpected behavior, and it is [[suspected]] that behavior of such systems might be [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_irreducibility computationally irreducible], which means it would not be possible to even approximate the system state without a full [[simulation]] of all the [[events]] occurring in the system. Key properties of the higher level [[behavior]] of certain classes of systems may be mediated by rare "[[surprises]]" in the behavior of their elements due to the principle of [[interconnectivity]], thus evading predictions except by brute [[force]] simulation. [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram Stephen Wolfram] has provided such examples with simple [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata cellular automata], whose behavior is in most cases equally simple, but on rare occasions highly unpredictable.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Scientific holism holds that the [[behavior]] of a system cannot be perfectly [[predicted]], no matter how much [[data]] is available. Natural systems can produce [[surprisingly]] unexpected behavior, and it is [[suspected]] that behavior of such systems might be [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_irreducibility computationally irreducible], which means it would not be possible to even approximate the system state without a full [[simulation]] of all the [[events]] occurring in the system. Key properties of the higher level [[behavior]] of certain classes of systems may be mediated by rare "[[surprises]]" in the behavior of their elements due to the principle of [[interconnectivity]], thus evading predictions except by brute [[force]] simulation. [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram Stephen Wolfram] has provided such examples with simple [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata cellular automata], whose behavior is in most cases equally simple, but on rare occasions highly unpredictable.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems Complexity theory] (also called "science of [[complexity]]"), is a contemporary heir of systems thinking. It comprises both computational and holistic, relational approaches towards understanding [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems complex adaptive systems] and, especially in the latter, its [[methods]] can be seen as the polar [[opposite]] to reductive methods. General [[theories]] of complexity have been proposed, and numerous complexity institutes and departments have sprung up around the world. The [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute Santa Fe Institute] is arguably the most famous of them.[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems Complexity theory] (also called "science of [[complexity]]"), is a contemporary heir of systems thinking. It comprises both computational and holistic, relational approaches towards understanding [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems complex adaptive systems] and, especially in the latter, its [[methods]] can be seen as the polar [[opposite]] to reductive methods. General [[theories]] of complexity have been proposed, and numerous complexity institutes and departments have sprung up around the world. The [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute Santa Fe Institute] is arguably the most famous of them.[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''''[[116:7 The Living Organism of the Grand Universe|The Living Organism of the Grand Universe]]'''''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''''[[116:7 The Living Organism of the Grand Universe|The Living Organism of the Grand Universe]]'''''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Philosophy]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Philosophy]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Computer Science]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Computer Science]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Mywikishttps://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&diff=110936&oldid=prevRdavis: /* Description */2013-12-16T01:03:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems Complexity theory] (also called "science of [[complexity]]"), is a contemporary heir of systems thinking. It comprises both computational and holistic, relational approaches towards understanding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems complex adaptive systems] and, especially in the latter, its [[methods]] can be seen as the polar [[opposite]] to reductive methods. General [[theories]] of complexity have been proposed, and numerous complexity institutes and departments have sprung up around the world. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute Santa Fe Institute] is arguably the most famous of them.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems Complexity theory] (also called "science of [[complexity]]"), is a contemporary heir of systems thinking. It comprises both computational and holistic, relational approaches towards understanding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems complex adaptive systems] and, especially in the latter, its [[methods]] can be seen as the polar [[opposite]] to reductive methods. General [[theories]] of complexity have been proposed, and numerous complexity institutes and departments have sprung up around the world. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute Santa Fe Institute] is arguably the most famous of them.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==See also==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''''[[116:7 The Living Organism of the Grand Universe|The Living Organism of the Grand Universe]]'''''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Philosophy]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Philosophy]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Computer Science]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Computer Science]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Rdavishttps://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&diff=97904&oldid=prevRdavis at 20:54, 11 July 20122012-07-11T20:54:45Z<p></p>
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</table>Rdavishttps://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&diff=97901&oldid=prevRdavis at 20:45, 11 July 20122012-07-11T20:45:16Z<p></p>
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</table>Rdavishttps://nordan.daynal.org/w/index.php?title=Holism&diff=97899&oldid=prevRdavis: Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpg ==Origin== Greek ὅλος whole *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 1926] ==Definitions== *1: a theory that the universe and especially li...'2012-07-11T20:39:46Z<p>Created page with '<a href="/wiki/File:Lighterstill.jpg" title="File:Lighterstill.jpg">File:lighterstill.jpg</a> ==Origin== <a href="/wiki/Greek" title="Greek">Greek</a> ὅλος whole *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 1926] ==Definitions== *1: a <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and especially li...'</p>
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<br />
==Origin==<br />
[[Greek]] ὅλος whole<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926 1926]<br />
==Definitions==<br />
*1: a [[theory]] that the [[universe]] and especially living [[nature]] is correctly seen in terms of [[interacting]] wholes (as of living [[organisms]]) that are more than the mere sum of elementary [[particles]] <br />
==Description==<br />
'''Holism''' (from ὂλος holos, a Greek word [[meaning]] all, whole, entire, [[total]]), is the idea that [[natural]] systems ([[physical]], [[biological]], [[chemical]], [[social]], [[economic]], [[mental]], [[linguistic]], etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as [[collections]] of [[parts]]. This often includes the view that systems somehow [[function]] as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.<br />
<br />
The term ''holism'' was coined in 1926 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts Jan Smuts]. [[Reductionism]] is sometimes seen as the [[opposite]] of holism. Reductionism in [[science]] says that a [[complex]] system can be explained by reduction to its fundamental [[parts]]. For example, the [[processes]] of [[biology]] are reducible to [[chemistry]] and the laws of chemistry are explained by [[physics]].<br />
<br />
Social scientist and physician [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_A._Christakis Nicholas A. Christakis] [[explains]] that "for the last few centuries, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian Cartesian] project in [[science]] has been to break [[matter]] down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of [[understanding]]. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to [[understand]] them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science."<br />
<br />
The term holism was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts, a South African statesman, in his book, ''Holism and Evolution''. Smuts defined holism as "The tendency in [[nature]] to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through [[creative]] [[evolution]]."<br />
<br />
The idea has [[ancient]] [[roots]]. Examples of holism can be found throughout human [[history]] and in the most diverse socio-cultural [[contexts]], as has been confirmed by many [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology ethnological] studies. The French Protestant missionary, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Leenhardt Maurice Leenhardt] coined the term ''cosmomorphism'' to indicate the state of [[perfect]] symbiosis with the surrounding [[environment]] which characterized the culture of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians Melanesians] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia New Caledonia]. For these people, an isolated [[individual]] is totally indeterminate, indistinct and featureless until he can find his [[position]] within the natural and social world in which he is inserted. The confines between the [[self]] and the world are annulled to the point that the material [[body]] itself is no guarantee of the sort of [[recognition]] of [[identity]] which is typical of our own [[culture]].<br />
<br />
However, the concept of holism also played a pivotal role in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoza Spinoza]'s philosophy and more recently in that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegel Hegel] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husserl Husserl].<br />
<br />
In the latter half of the 20th century, holism led to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking systems thinking] and its derivatives, like the sciences of [[chaos]] and [[complexity]]. Systems in [[biology]], [[psychology]], or [[sociology]] are frequently so complex that their behavior is, or appears, "new" or "emergent": it cannot be deduced from the properties of the elements alone.<br />
<br />
Holism has thus been used as a catchword. This contributed to the resistance encountered by the scientific interpretation of holism, which insists that there are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology ontological] reasons that prevent reductive models in [[principle]] from providing efficient [[algorithms]] for [[prediction]] of system behavior in certain classes of systems. Holism has also been described as "a soapy term which evades [[necessary]] [[conflict]]," in accordance with its inventor's philosophy of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy white supremacy] and exclusion of South Africans from political rights. Although it can also be suggested that a thinker's [[beliefs]] in one area should not be used to dismiss their beliefs in another. For example,Mahatma [[Gandhi]]'s [[racist]] beliefs should not be used to dismiss the value he placed on [[non-violent resistance]].<br />
<br />
Scientific holism holds that the [[behavior]] of a system cannot be perfectly [[predicted]], no matter how much [[data]] is available. Natural systems can produce [[surprisingly]] unexpected behavior, and it is [[suspected]] that behavior of such systems might be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_irreducibility computationally irreducible], which means it would not be possible to even approximate the system state without a full [[simulation]] of all the [[events]] occurring in the system. Key properties of the higher level [[behavior]] of certain classes of systems may be mediated by rare "[[surprises]]" in the behavior of their elements due to the principle of [[interconnectivity]], thus evading predictions except by brute [[force]] simulation. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram Stephen Wolfram] has provided such examples with simple [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata cellular automata], whose behavior is in most cases equally simple, but on rare occasions highly unpredictable.<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems Complexity theory] (also called "science of [[complexity]]"), is a contemporary heir of systems thinking. It comprises both computational and holistic, relational approaches towards understanding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems complex adaptive systems] and, especially in the latter, its [[methods]] can be seen as the polar [[opposite]] to reductive methods. General [[theories]] of complexity have been proposed, and numerous complexity institutes and departments have sprung up around the world. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute Santa Fe Institute] is arguably the most famous of them.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Philosophy]]<br />
[[Category: Computer Science]]</div>Rdavis