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New page: Image:lighterstill.jpgright|frame *1. a. Expectation of something desired; desire combined with expectation. :b. Const. of (that which is hoped for), or with clause...
[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Hope.jpg|right|frame]]
*1. a. Expectation of something desired; desire combined with expectation.
:b. Const. of (that which is hoped for), or with clause introduced by that, or (arch.) with inf.
:c. In plural; often in singular sense, esp. in phr. in hopes. Const. as in b.
:d. Personified; esp. as one of the three [[heaven]]ly [[Grace]]s. (1 Cor. xiii. 13.)
*2. Feeling of [[trust]] or confidence. Obs. exc. as biblical archaism, with mixture of sense 1.
*3. Expectation (without implication of desire, or of a thing not desired); prospect. Obs.
*4. transf. a. Ground of hope; promise. Freq. in negative in phr. not a hope (in hell). Also used ironically for: an expectation which has little or no chance of being fulfilled; esp. in ints., usu. expressing resignation, some hope(s)!, what a hope!
:b. A [[person]] or [[thing]] that gives hope or promise for the future, or in which hopes are centred.
:c. An object of hope; that which is hoped for.
*5. a. Comb. chiefly objective and instrumental.
:b. Special comb. hope chest chiefly U.S., a chest or box in which a young woman hopefully collects articles towards a [[home]] of her own in the event of her [[marriage]]; cf. bottom drawer
==History==
'''Hope''' was personified in Greek mythology as [[Elpis]]. When [[Pandora]] opened Pandora's Box, she let out all the evils except one: hope. Apparently, the Greeks considered hope to be as dangerous as all the world's [[evil]]s. But without hope to accompany all their troubles, [[humanity]] was filled with despair. It was a great relief when Pandora revisited her box and let out hope as well. It may be worthy to note that in the story, hope is represented as weakly leaving the box but is in effect far more potent than any of the major evils. In some [[religion]]s of the world, hope plays a very important role. Hope can be passive in the sense of a wish, or active as a plan or [[idea]], often against popular [[belief]], with persistent, [[personal]] action to execute the plan or prove the idea. Consider a prisoner of war who never gives up hope for escape and, against the odds, plans and accomplishes this. By contrast, consider another prisoner who simply wishes or prays for freedom, or another who gives up all hope of freedom.
In ''<u>Human, All Too Human</u>'', philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] argued that "[[Zeus]] did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In [[truth]], it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment." [[Emily Dickinson]] wrote in a poem that "'Hope' is the thing with feathers-- / That perches in the [[soul]]--." [[Ernst Bloch]] in "Principle of Hope" (1986) traces the human search for a wide range of [[utopia]]s. Bloch locates utopian projects not only in the social and political realms of the well-known utopian theorists (Marx, Hegel, Lenin) but also in a multiplicity of technical, architectural, geographical utopias, and in multiple works of [[art]] ([[opera]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[film]]). For Bloch hope permeates everyday life and it is present in countless aspects of popular [[culture]] [[phenomenon]] such as jokes, fairy tales, fashion or images of death. In his view Hope remains in the present as an open setting of latency and tendencies.
Martin Seligman in his book Learned Optimism (1990) strongly criticizes the role of churches in the promoting the [[idea]] that the [[individual]] has little chance or hope of affecting his or her life. He acknowledges that the [[Human condition|social and cultural conditions]], such as serfdom and the caste system weighed heavily against the freedom of individuals to change the social circumstances of their lives. Almost as if to avoid the criticism, in his book What You Can Change and What You Can't, he is careful to outline the extent that people can hold out hope for [[personal]] action to change some of the [[things]] that affect their lives. More recently, psychologist Anthony Scioli (2006) has developed an integrative theory of hope that consists of four elements: attachment, mastery, survival, and [[spirituality]]. This approach incorporates contributions from [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[philosophy]] and [[theology]] as well as classical and contemporary [[literature]] and [[the arts]].[3]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
*1. a. Expectation of something desired; desire combined with expectation.
:b. Const. of (that which is hoped for), or with clause introduced by that, or (arch.) with inf.
:c. In plural; often in singular sense, esp. in phr. in hopes. Const. as in b.
:d. Personified; esp. as one of the three [[heaven]]ly [[Grace]]s. (1 Cor. xiii. 13.)
*2. Feeling of [[trust]] or confidence. Obs. exc. as biblical archaism, with mixture of sense 1.
*3. Expectation (without implication of desire, or of a thing not desired); prospect. Obs.
*4. transf. a. Ground of hope; promise. Freq. in negative in phr. not a hope (in hell). Also used ironically for: an expectation which has little or no chance of being fulfilled; esp. in ints., usu. expressing resignation, some hope(s)!, what a hope!
:b. A [[person]] or [[thing]] that gives hope or promise for the future, or in which hopes are centred.
:c. An object of hope; that which is hoped for.
*5. a. Comb. chiefly objective and instrumental.
:b. Special comb. hope chest chiefly U.S., a chest or box in which a young woman hopefully collects articles towards a [[home]] of her own in the event of her [[marriage]]; cf. bottom drawer
==History==
'''Hope''' was personified in Greek mythology as [[Elpis]]. When [[Pandora]] opened Pandora's Box, she let out all the evils except one: hope. Apparently, the Greeks considered hope to be as dangerous as all the world's [[evil]]s. But without hope to accompany all their troubles, [[humanity]] was filled with despair. It was a great relief when Pandora revisited her box and let out hope as well. It may be worthy to note that in the story, hope is represented as weakly leaving the box but is in effect far more potent than any of the major evils. In some [[religion]]s of the world, hope plays a very important role. Hope can be passive in the sense of a wish, or active as a plan or [[idea]], often against popular [[belief]], with persistent, [[personal]] action to execute the plan or prove the idea. Consider a prisoner of war who never gives up hope for escape and, against the odds, plans and accomplishes this. By contrast, consider another prisoner who simply wishes or prays for freedom, or another who gives up all hope of freedom.
In ''<u>Human, All Too Human</u>'', philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] argued that "[[Zeus]] did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In [[truth]], it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment." [[Emily Dickinson]] wrote in a poem that "'Hope' is the thing with feathers-- / That perches in the [[soul]]--." [[Ernst Bloch]] in "Principle of Hope" (1986) traces the human search for a wide range of [[utopia]]s. Bloch locates utopian projects not only in the social and political realms of the well-known utopian theorists (Marx, Hegel, Lenin) but also in a multiplicity of technical, architectural, geographical utopias, and in multiple works of [[art]] ([[opera]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[film]]). For Bloch hope permeates everyday life and it is present in countless aspects of popular [[culture]] [[phenomenon]] such as jokes, fairy tales, fashion or images of death. In his view Hope remains in the present as an open setting of latency and tendencies.
Martin Seligman in his book Learned Optimism (1990) strongly criticizes the role of churches in the promoting the [[idea]] that the [[individual]] has little chance or hope of affecting his or her life. He acknowledges that the [[Human condition|social and cultural conditions]], such as serfdom and the caste system weighed heavily against the freedom of individuals to change the social circumstances of their lives. Almost as if to avoid the criticism, in his book What You Can Change and What You Can't, he is careful to outline the extent that people can hold out hope for [[personal]] action to change some of the [[things]] that affect their lives. More recently, psychologist Anthony Scioli (2006) has developed an integrative theory of hope that consists of four elements: attachment, mastery, survival, and [[spirituality]]. This approach incorporates contributions from [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[philosophy]] and [[theology]] as well as classical and contemporary [[literature]] and [[the arts]].[3]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Psychology]]