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'''Hypnosis''' is a mental [[state]] (state theory) or set of [[attitudes]] and [[beliefs]] (non-state theory) usually induced by a procedure known as a ''hypnotic induction'', which is commonly composed of a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions.[1] Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the [[presence]] of the subject, or may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic [[purposes]] is referred to as "hypnotherapy".

'''Hypnosis''' is a mental [[state]] (state theory) or set of [[attitudes]] and [[beliefs]] (non-state theory) usually induced by a procedure known as a ''hypnotic induction'', which is commonly composed of a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions.[1] Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the [[presence]] of the subject, or may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic [[purposes]] is referred to as "hypnotherapy".

The [[words]] 'hypnosis' and 'hypnotism' both derive from the term "neuro-hypnotism" (nervous sleep) coined by the Scottish surgeon [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon) James Braid] around 1841. Braid based his [[practice]] on that developed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer Franz Mesmer] and his followers ("[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmerism Mesmerism]" or "animal magnetism"), but differed in his [[theory]] as to how the procedure worked.

The [[words]] 'hypnosis' and 'hypnotism' both derive from the term "neuro-hypnotism" (nervous sleep) coined by the Scottish surgeon [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon) James Braid] around 1841. Braid based his [[practice]] on that developed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer Franz Mesmer] and his followers ("[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmerism Mesmerism]" or "animal magnetism"), but differed in his [[theory]] as to how the procedure worked.

Contrary to a popular misconception - that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling [[sleep]] - contemporary [[research]] suggests that it is actually a [[wake]]ful state of [[focus]]ed [[attention]][2] and heightened suggestibility,[3] with diminished [[peripheral]] awareness.[4] In the first book on the subject, ''Neurypnology'' (1843), Braid described "hypnotism" as a state of physical relaxation accompanied and induced by mental concentration ("abstraction").

Contrary to a popular misconception - that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling [[sleep]] - contemporary [[research]] suggests that it is actually a [[wake]]ful state of [[focus]]ed [[attention]][2] and heightened suggestibility,[3] with diminished [[peripheral]] awareness.[4] In the first book on the subject, ''Neurypnology'' (1843), Braid described "hypnotism" as a state of physical relaxation accompanied and induced by mental concentration ("abstraction").

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Hypnosis''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Hypnosis '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Hypnosis''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Hypnosis '''''this link'''''].</center>

==Characteristics==

==Characteristics==

[[Skeptics]] point out the difficulty distinguishing between hypnosis and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect placebo effect], proposing that hypnosis is so heavily reliant upon the effects of suggestion and [[belief]] that it would be hard to imagine how a credible placebo control could ever be devised for a hypnotism [[study]].[6]

[[Skeptics]] point out the difficulty distinguishing between hypnosis and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_effect placebo effect], proposing that hypnosis is so heavily reliant upon the effects of suggestion and [[belief]] that it would be hard to imagine how a credible placebo control could ever be devised for a hypnotism [[study]].[6]

It could be said that hypnotic suggestion is explicitly intended to make use of the placebo effect. For example, Irving Kirsch has proposed a definition of hypnosis as a "non-deceptive mega-placebo," i. e., a [[method]] which openly makes use of suggestion and employs methods to amplify its effects.[citation needed]

It could be said that hypnotic suggestion is explicitly intended to make use of the placebo effect. For example, Irving Kirsch has proposed a definition of hypnosis as a "non-deceptive mega-placebo," i. e., a [[method]] which openly makes use of suggestion and employs methods to amplify its effects.[citation needed]

<blockquote>[...] the real [[origin]] and [[essence]] of the hypnotic condition, is the induction of a [[habit]] of [[abstraction]] or mental concentration, in which, as in reverie or [[spontaneous]] abstraction, the [[powers]] of the mind are so much engrossed with a single [[idea]] or train of [[thought]], as, for the nonce, to render the individual unconscious of, or indifferently conscious to, all other ideas, impressions, or trains of thought. The hypnotic sleep, therefore, is the very antithesis or opposite mental and [[physical]] condition to that which precedes and accompanies common sleep [...][8]</blockquote>

<blockquote>[...] the real [[origin]] and [[essence]] of the hypnotic condition, is the induction of a [[habit]] of [[abstraction]] or mental concentration, in which, as in reverie or [[spontaneous]] abstraction, the [[powers]] of the mind are so much engrossed with a single [[idea]] or train of [[thought]], as, for the nonce, to render the individual unconscious of, or indifferently conscious to, all other ideas, impressions, or trains of thought. The hypnotic sleep, therefore, is the very antithesis or opposite mental and [[physical]] condition to that which precedes and accompanies common sleep [...][8]</blockquote>

Braid therefore defined hypnotism as a state of mental concentration which often led to a form of [[progressive]] [[relaxation]] termed "nervous sleep". Later, in his ''The Physiology of Fascination'' (1855), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and [[argued]] that the term "hypnotism" or "nervous sleep" should be reserved for the minority (10%) of subjects who exhibited [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia amnesia], substituting the term "monoideism", meaning concentration upon a single [[idea]], as a description for the more alert [[state]] [[experienced]] by the others.

Braid therefore defined hypnotism as a state of mental concentration which often led to a form of [[progressive]] [[relaxation]] termed "nervous sleep". Later, in his ''The Physiology of Fascination'' (1855), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and [[argued]] that the term "hypnotism" or "nervous sleep" should be reserved for the minority (10%) of subjects who exhibited [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia amnesia], substituting the term "monoideism", meaning concentration upon a single [[idea]], as a description for the more alert [[state]] [[experienced]] by the others.

A new definition of hypnosis, derived from academic [[psychology]], was provided in 2005, when the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association Society for Psychological Hypnosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association], Division 30 of the American Psychological Association (APA), published the following formal definition:

A new definition of hypnosis, derived from academic [[psychology]], was provided in 2005, when the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association Society for Psychological Hypnosis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association], Division 30 of the American Psychological Association (APA), published the following formal definition:

<blockquote>Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented. The hypnotic induction is an extended initial suggestion for using one's imagination, and may contain further elaborations of the introduction. A hypnotic procedure is used to encourage and evaluate responses to suggestions. When using hypnosis, one person (the subject) is guided by another (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions for changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior. Persons can also learn self-hypnosis, which is the act of administering hypnotic procedures on one's own. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestions, it is generally inferred that hypnosis has been induced. Many believe that hypnotic responses and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state. While some think that it is not necessary to use the word "hypnosis" as part of the hypnotic induction, others view it as essential.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented. The hypnotic induction is an extended initial suggestion for using one's imagination, and may contain further elaborations of the introduction. A hypnotic procedure is used to encourage and evaluate responses to suggestions. When using hypnosis, one person (the subject) is guided by another (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions for changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior. Persons can also learn self-hypnosis, which is the act of administering hypnotic procedures on one's own. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestions, it is generally inferred that hypnosis has been induced. Many believe that hypnotic responses and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state. While some think that it is not necessary to use the word "hypnosis" as part of the hypnotic induction, others view it as essential.</blockquote>