Changes

Integral(ism) might be said to have both a broad and a narrow [[meaning]].  In the larger, generic sense, Integral means whole, complete and holistic, such as body-mind-spirit and East-West.  In the narrow or more specific sense it refers to the [[Integral Yoga]] and the Integral psychology and philosophy of [[Sri Aurobindo]], as well as the Integral Psychology (the term coined by [[Indra Sen]]) and Psychotherapy that emerges from it. (Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717).  Although the basic ideas were first articulated in the early twentieth century, the movement originates with the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] founded in 1968 by [[Haridas Chaudhuri]], a disciple of Sri Aurobindo, who was the first to fully define the idea.   

Integral(ism) might be said to have both a broad and a narrow [[meaning]].  In the larger, generic sense, Integral means whole, complete and holistic, such as body-mind-spirit and East-West.  In the narrow or more specific sense it refers to the [[Integral Yoga]] and the Integral psychology and philosophy of [[Sri Aurobindo]], as well as the Integral Psychology (the term coined by [[Indra Sen]]) and Psychotherapy that emerges from it. (Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717).  Although the basic ideas were first articulated in the early twentieth century, the movement originates with the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] founded in 1968 by [[Haridas Chaudhuri]], a disciple of Sri Aurobindo, who was the first to fully define the idea.   

The word Integral is also associated with the work of [[Ken Wilber]], himself influenced by Sri Aurobindo, and the movement centered around him (for example the [[Integral Institute]], and so on).  In the Wilber movement  "Integral" when capitalized is given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's [[AQAL]] theory [http://aqaljournal.integralinstitute.org/public/Pdf/AQAL_Glossary_01-27-07.pdf AQAL Glossary]''  

The word Integral is also associated with the work of [[Ken Wilber]], himself influenced by Sri Aurobindo, and the movement centered around him (for example the [[Integral Institute]], and so on).  In the Wilber movement  "Integral" when capitalized is given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's [[AQAL]] theory [https://aqaljournal.integralinstitute.org/public/Pdf/AQAL_Glossary_01-27-07.pdf AQAL Glossary]''  

Integral thought is claimed to provide "a new understanding of how [[evolution]] affects the development of [[consciousness]] and [[culture]]". (''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', Paragon House, St Paul Minnesota, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55778-867-2) It includes areas such as business, [[education]], medicine, [[spirituality]], sports, [[psychology]], and psychotherapy.  The theme of the evolution of [[consciousness]] has also become a central theme in much of integral theory [http://integral-review.org/current_issue/documents/Gidley,%20Evolution%20of%20Consciousness%20as%20Planetary%20Imperative%205,%202007.pdf The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views] . According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, ''integral'' means "dealing with the [[body]], [[mind]], [[heart]], and [[soul]]."[http://www.itp-life.com/ ITP International Welcome]  

Integral thought is claimed to provide "a new understanding of how [[evolution]] affects the development of [[consciousness]] and [[culture]]". (''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', Paragon House, St Paul Minnesota, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55778-867-2) It includes areas such as business, [[education]], medicine, [[spirituality]], sports, [[psychology]], and psychotherapy.  The theme of the evolution of [[consciousness]] has also become a central theme in much of integral theory [https://integral-review.org/current_issue/documents/Gidley,%20Evolution%20of%20Consciousness%20as%20Planetary%20Imperative%205,%202007.pdf The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views] . According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, ''integral'' means "dealing with the [[body]], [[mind]], [[heart]], and [[soul]]."[https://www.itp-life.com/ ITP International Welcome]  

Integral thought is seen by proponents as going beyond [[rationalism]] and [[materialism]]. It attempts to introduce a more [[universal]] and holistic perspective or approach, which incorporates other points of view in a larger synthesis. Proponents view rationalism as subordinating, ignoring, and/or denying [[spirituality]]. Wilber begins by acknowledging and validating mystical [[experience]], rather than denying its reality. As these experiences have occurred to humans in all cultures in all eras, integral theorists accept them as valuable and not [[pathological]].  According to Sri Aurobindo, while both [[materialism|materialistic]] Science and Yogic [[asceticism]] have much to offer, each is still lacking on its own, and a "larger and completer affirmation" is required that can include both.

Integral thought is seen by proponents as going beyond [[rationalism]] and [[materialism]]. It attempts to introduce a more [[universal]] and holistic perspective or approach, which incorporates other points of view in a larger synthesis. Proponents view rationalism as subordinating, ignoring, and/or denying [[spirituality]]. Wilber begins by acknowledging and validating mystical [[experience]], rather than denying its reality. As these experiences have occurred to humans in all cultures in all eras, integral theorists accept them as valuable and not [[pathological]].  According to Sri Aurobindo, while both [[materialism|materialistic]] Science and Yogic [[asceticism]] have much to offer, each is still lacking on its own, and a "larger and completer affirmation" is required that can include both.

In late 1990s and 2000 [[Ken Wilber]], who was influenced by both Aurobindo and Gebser, among many others, adopted the term "Integral" to refer to the latest revision ("Wilber-IV") of his own philosophy, which he called [[Integral theory]].  He also established the [[Integral Institute]] as a think-tank for further development of these ideas.  In his book ''Integral Psychology'' Wilber lists a number of pioneers of the integral approach, ''post hoc''.  These include [[Goethe]], [[Schelling]], [[Hegel]], [[Gustav Fechner]], [[William James]], [[Rudolf Steiner]], [[Alfred North Whitehead]], [[James Mark Baldwin]], [[Jurgen Habermas]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], and [[Abraham Maslow]].   

In late 1990s and 2000 [[Ken Wilber]], who was influenced by both Aurobindo and Gebser, among many others, adopted the term "Integral" to refer to the latest revision ("Wilber-IV") of his own philosophy, which he called [[Integral theory]].  He also established the [[Integral Institute]] as a think-tank for further development of these ideas.  In his book ''Integral Psychology'' Wilber lists a number of pioneers of the integral approach, ''post hoc''.  These include [[Goethe]], [[Schelling]], [[Hegel]], [[Gustav Fechner]], [[William James]], [[Rudolf Steiner]], [[Alfred North Whitehead]], [[James Mark Baldwin]], [[Jurgen Habermas]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], and [[Abraham Maslow]].   

Daniel Gustav Anderson has suggested that Wilber's Integral Theory is derived from the writings of the Sri Aurobindo. However, his claims in this and other areas have been refuted by scholars of Sri Aurobindo's teachings (see the reviews of Anderson's thesis by [http://www.sciy.org/blog/cmd=post_comment/article_id=2564144/parent_id=805508 Rich Carlson] and [http://www.sciy.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/11/2564494.html Debashish Banerji].  

Daniel Gustav Anderson has suggested that Wilber's Integral Theory is derived from the writings of the Sri Aurobindo. However, his claims in this and other areas have been refuted by scholars of Sri Aurobindo's teachings (see the reviews of Anderson's thesis by [https://www.sciy.org/blog/cmd=post_comment/article_id=2564144/parent_id=805508 Rich Carlson] and [https://www.sciy.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/11/2564494.html Debashish Banerji].  

According to John Bothwell and David Geier, among the top thinkers in the integral movement are [[Stanislav Grof]], [[Fred Kofman]],  [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[Jenny Wade]], [[Roger Walsh]], Ken Wilber, and [[Michael Zimmerman]]

According to John Bothwell and David Geier, among the top thinkers in the integral movement are [[Stanislav Grof]], [[Fred Kofman]],  [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[Jenny Wade]], [[Roger Walsh]], Ken Wilber, and [[Michael Zimmerman]]

In the same year, the editors of 'What Is Enlightenment?'' listed as contemporary Integralists [[Don Beck]], [[Allan Combs]], [[Robert Godwin]], [[Sally Goerner]], [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[William Irwin Thompson]], and [[Ken Wilber]].   

In the same year, the editors of 'What Is Enlightenment?'' listed as contemporary Integralists [[Don Beck]], [[Allan Combs]], [[Robert Godwin]], [[Sally Goerner]], [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[William Irwin Thompson]], and [[Ken Wilber]].   

Also in 2007, Gary Hampson suggested that there are six intertwined genealogical branches of Integral, based on those who first used the term: those aligned with Aurobindo, Gebser, Wilber, Gangadean, László and Steiner [Noting that the Steiner branch is via the conduit of Gidley [http://www.integral-review.org].

Also in 2007, Gary Hampson suggested that there are six intertwined genealogical branches of Integral, based on those who first used the term: those aligned with Aurobindo, Gebser, Wilber, Gangadean, László and Steiner [Noting that the Steiner branch is via the conduit of Gidley [https://www.integral-review.org].

===Historical figures===

===Historical figures===

[[Steve McIntosh]] (b. 1960) is an independent scholar, businessman, and Integral theorist.  He is author of ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', which builds upon the ideas of Wilber, Whitehead, Teilhard, and others.

[[Steve McIntosh]] (b. 1960) is an independent scholar, businessman, and Integral theorist.  He is author of ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', which builds upon the ideas of Wilber, Whitehead, Teilhard, and others.

[[Roland Benedikter]] (b. 1965) is a European academic and Professor for Cultural and Socio-Educational Sciences who has written on Postmodernism and Integral thought  [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter1a.html Part 1], [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter2.html Part 2],  [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter3.html Part 3], [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter4.html Part 4],[http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter5.html Part 5].  

[[Roland Benedikter]] (b. 1965) is a European academic and Professor for Cultural and Socio-Educational Sciences who has written on Postmodernism and Integral thought  [https://www.integralworld.net/benedikter1a.html Part 1], [https://www.integralworld.net/benedikter2.html Part 2],  [https://www.integralworld.net/benedikter3.html Part 3], [https://www.integralworld.net/benedikter4.html Part 4],[https://www.integralworld.net/benedikter5.html Part 5].  

[[Sean Esbjörn-Hargens]] (b. 1973). one of the top integral theorists associated with Ken Wilber's Integral approach, is a professor of Integral Studies at [[John F. Kennedy University.]]  

[[Sean Esbjörn-Hargens]] (b. 1973). one of the top integral theorists associated with Ken Wilber's Integral approach, is a professor of Integral Studies at [[John F. Kennedy University.]]  

[[Jorge Ferrer]] is the author of ''Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality'' and a core faculty member in the East-West Psychology Program at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]].  

[[Jorge Ferrer]] is the author of ''Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality'' and a core faculty member in the East-West Psychology Program at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]].  

[[Ashok Gangadean]] has written a number of books on the concept of a global consciousness.  he is Co-Convenor of the [http://www.globalspirit.org World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality].  He started using the word "integral" in 2006, inspired by László’s and others.   

[[Ashok Gangadean]] has written a number of books on the concept of a global consciousness.  he is Co-Convenor of the [https://www.globalspirit.org World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality].  He started using the word "integral" in 2006, inspired by László’s and others.   

[[Sally Goerner]] is an interdisciplinary scientist and author of a number of books, including ''After the Clockwork Universe: The Emerging Science and Culture of Integral Society''.  She is co-founder of the [http://www.integralscienceinstitute.org Integral Science Institute].   

[[Sally Goerner]] is an interdisciplinary scientist and author of a number of books, including ''After the Clockwork Universe: The Emerging Science and Culture of Integral Society''.  She is co-founder of the [https://www.integralscienceinstitute.org Integral Science Institute].   

[[Robert Kegan]] is a Harvard [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]] who is considered to be an integral theorist. He is a member of the Integral Institute.

[[Robert Kegan]] is a Harvard [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]] who is considered to be an integral theorist. He is a member of the Integral Institute.

[[Robert A. McDermott]] is professor of philosophy and religion at  the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]], and has studied the work of Rudolph Steiner and Sri Aurobindo.   

[[Robert A. McDermott]] is professor of philosophy and religion at  the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]], and has studied the work of Rudolph Steiner and Sri Aurobindo.   

[[Paul H. Ray]] is a sociologist and author who refers to the emergence of a new progressive society or culture beyond traditionalism and modernity, that, following Sorokin, Gebser, and Sri Aurobindo he calls "Integral culture"<ref>Paul Ray, "The Rise of Integral Culture", Noetic Sciences Review: Spring 1996 http://www.noetic.org/publications/review/issue37/r37_Ray.html</ref>.

[[Paul H. Ray]] is a sociologist and author who refers to the emergence of a new progressive society or culture beyond traditionalism and modernity, that, following Sorokin, Gebser, and Sri Aurobindo he calls "Integral culture"<ref>Paul Ray, "The Rise of Integral Culture", Noetic Sciences Review: Spring 1996 https://www.noetic.org/publications/review/issue37/r37_Ray.html</ref>.

==Integral psychology==

==Integral psychology==

=== Wilber's Integral theory ===

=== Wilber's Integral theory ===

Although Wilber originally spoke of Integral theory in terms of a synthesis of different methodologies that can be used in the study of [[consciousness]]. Ken Wilber, [http://www.imprint.co.uk/Wilber.htm An integral theory of consciousness], '', "Integral theory" later came to be considered synonymous with "AQAL".  [[Ken_Wilber AQAL:_All_Quadrants_All_Levels|AQAL]] refers to "All quadrants, all levels", and equally connotes "all lines, all states, all types".  

Although Wilber originally spoke of Integral theory in terms of a synthesis of different methodologies that can be used in the study of [[consciousness]]. Ken Wilber, [https://www.imprint.co.uk/Wilber.htm An integral theory of consciousness], '', "Integral theory" later came to be considered synonymous with "AQAL".  [[Ken_Wilber AQAL:_All_Quadrants_All_Levels|AQAL]] refers to "All quadrants, all levels", and equally connotes "all lines, all states, all types".  

Central to Wilber's methodology is the concept of vision-logic as a post-formal, but personal, level of [[cognitive]] development. A characteristic of vision-logic is the ability to conceptualize and compare different perspectives or [[points of view]].  In the book ''[[Sex, Ecology, Spirituality]]'', Wilber describes vision-logic as a planetary awareness. He uses it to translate the term ''vernunft'' as used by the [[German idealism|German idealists]], which means something like "transcendental knowledge".

Central to Wilber's methodology is the concept of vision-logic as a post-formal, but personal, level of [[cognitive]] development. A characteristic of vision-logic is the ability to conceptualize and compare different perspectives or [[points of view]].  In the book ''[[Sex, Ecology, Spirituality]]'', Wilber describes vision-logic as a planetary awareness. He uses it to translate the term ''vernunft'' as used by the [[German idealism|German idealists]], which means something like "transcendental knowledge".

Specific aspects of Integral Theory such as Wilber's Four Quadrants and Don Beck's Integral Spiral Dynamics have been applied in the world of business and business leadership. Ron Cacioppe and Mark Edwards, "Seeking the Holy Grail of organisational development: A synthesis of integral theory, spiral dynamics, corporate transformation and [[action inquiry]]", ''[[Leadership and Organization Development Journal]]'', Mar 2005 Vol 26, no.2 pp. 86 - 105 Nancy E. Landrum and Carolyn L. Gardner, "Using integral theory to effect strategic change",, [[International development]] Gail Hochachka, ''[http://www.polisproject.org/polis2/PDFs/Hochachkabook.pdf Developing Sustainability, Developing the Self: An Integral Approach to International and Community Development]'', Polis Publications, 2005, [[urban planning]] Marilyn Hamilton, ''Integral City - Evolutionary Intelligences for the Human Hive'' New Society Publishers 2008, ISBN 9780865716292</ref>, [[ecology]] (see section of Integral Ecology, below) and even [[marine ecology]]<ref>Brian N. Tissot - [http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/tissot/cl/esrp444/Tissot%202005.pdf Integral Marine Ecology: Community-based fishery management in Hawaii], ''[[World Futures: the Journal of General Evolution,]]'' 2005 vol. 61 pp.79-96</ref>.

Specific aspects of Integral Theory such as Wilber's Four Quadrants and Don Beck's Integral Spiral Dynamics have been applied in the world of business and business leadership. Ron Cacioppe and Mark Edwards, "Seeking the Holy Grail of organisational development: A synthesis of integral theory, spiral dynamics, corporate transformation and [[action inquiry]]", ''[[Leadership and Organization Development Journal]]'', Mar 2005 Vol 26, no.2 pp. 86 - 105 Nancy E. Landrum and Carolyn L. Gardner, "Using integral theory to effect strategic change",, [[International development]] Gail Hochachka, ''[https://www.polisproject.org/polis2/PDFs/Hochachkabook.pdf Developing Sustainability, Developing the Self: An Integral Approach to International and Community Development]'', Polis Publications, 2005, [[urban planning]] Marilyn Hamilton, ''Integral City - Evolutionary Intelligences for the Human Hive'' New Society Publishers 2008, ISBN 9780865716292</ref>, [[ecology]] (see section of Integral Ecology, below) and even [[marine ecology]]<ref>Brian N. Tissot - [https://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/tissot/cl/esrp444/Tissot%202005.pdf Integral Marine Ecology: Community-based fishery management in Hawaii], ''[[World Futures: the Journal of General Evolution,]]'' 2005 vol. 61 pp.79-96</ref>.

===László's Integral theory===

===László's Integral theory===

==Online and print journals==

==Online and print journals==

A number of publications have developed around the theme of Integral thought, at the same time further helping to define it.  One of the first of these, in 2000, was [http://www.kosmosjournal.org/ Kosmos journal], which has featured Don Beck, Ervin László, Ashok Gangadean, and others. The magazine [[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|''What Is Enlightenment?'']], established earlier by Andrew Cohen and associates, began including articles related to the integral movement around 2000, and now regularly includes interviews with Ken Wilber. The Integral Leadership Review has its genesis in 2000 and has emerged as a full scale free online publication [http://www.integralleadershipreview.com]. Its summary subscription publication, LeadingDigest, began in 2007.  

A number of publications have developed around the theme of Integral thought, at the same time further helping to define it.  One of the first of these, in 2000, was [https://www.kosmosjournal.org/ Kosmos journal], which has featured Don Beck, Ervin László, Ashok Gangadean, and others. The magazine [[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|''What Is Enlightenment?'']], established earlier by Andrew Cohen and associates, began including articles related to the integral movement around 2000, and now regularly includes interviews with Ken Wilber. The Integral Leadership Review has its genesis in 2000 and has emerged as a full scale free online publication [https://www.integralleadershipreview.com]. Its summary subscription publication, LeadingDigest, began in 2007.  

 

 

 

 

== External links ==

== External links ==

   

   

===Websites===

===Websites===

* [http://www.integralworld.net/ Integral World] website and online resource maintained by Wilber student and critic Frank Visser; originally commentary and criticism of Wilber's work only, but since 2006 and especially 2007 has also featured a more diverse range of essays and interprations of Integral thought.

* [https://www.integralworld.net/ Integral World] website and online resource maintained by Wilber student and critic Frank Visser; originally commentary and criticism of Wilber's work only, but since 2006 and especially 2007 has also featured a more diverse range of essays and interprations of Integral thought.

* [http://opensourceintegral.ning.com/ Open Source Integral] Online forum and community, featuring a wide range of topics and discussion in relation to Integral thought

* [https://opensourceintegral.ning.com/ Open Source Integral] Online forum and community, featuring a wide range of topics and discussion in relation to Integral thought

* [http://www.gaia.com/ Gaia] formerly known as Zaadz, on-line community originally affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]], but much more diverse than just Wilber-supporters alone.

* [https://www.gaia.com/ Gaia] formerly known as Zaadz, on-line community originally affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]], but much more diverse than just Wilber-supporters alone.

* [http://www.integral-therapy.com/approach/ Integral Psychotherapy] psychology clinic dedicated to Integral Psychology teaching and practice located in Minneapolis, MN.

* [https://www.integral-therapy.com/approach/ Integral Psychotherapy] psychology clinic dedicated to Integral Psychology teaching and practice located in Minneapolis, MN.

* [http://www.integraljournals.org/ Journal of Integral Theory and Practice] a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 2003 with its first issue appearing in 2006.

* [https://www.integraljournals.org/ Journal of Integral Theory and Practice] a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 2003 with its first issue appearing in 2006.

* [http://www.integralresearchcenter.org/ Integral Research Center] a grant giving mixed-methods research center based on Integral Methodological Pluralism.

* [https://www.integralresearchcenter.org/ Integral Research Center] a grant giving mixed-methods research center based on Integral Methodological Pluralism.

* [http://www.integraltheoryconference/ Integral Theory Conference] the official site for the biennial Integral Theory Conference held at JFK University.

* [https://www.integraltheoryconference/ Integral Theory Conference] the official site for the biennial Integral Theory Conference held at JFK University.

* [http://www.jfku.edu/integraltheory/ MA in Integral Theory] an accredited online Master of Arts degree in Integral Theory.

* [https://www.jfku.edu/integraltheory/ MA in Integral Theory] an accredited online Master of Arts degree in Integral Theory.

* [http://www.integral-review.org/ Integral Review Journal], an online peer reviewed "transdisciplinary and transcultural journal for new thought, research, and praxis."  Started in 2005, the journal is not directly affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].

* [https://www.integral-review.org/ Integral Review Journal], an online peer reviewed "transdisciplinary and transcultural journal for new thought, research, and praxis."  Started in 2005, the journal is not directly affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].

* [http://www.integralleadershipreview.com Integral Leadership Review], the site of the online publications ''Integral Leadership Review'' (free) and ''Leading Digest'' (subscription), and books related to integral leadership. It is an independent publication not affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].

* [https://www.integralleadershipreview.com Integral Leadership Review], the site of the online publications ''Integral Leadership Review'' (free) and ''Leading Digest'' (subscription), and books related to integral leadership. It is an independent publication not affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].

* [http://universite-integrale.blogspot.com  The French Integral University : Université Intégrale],

* [https://universite-integrale.blogspot.com  The French Integral University : Université Intégrale],

===Blogs===

===Blogs===

* [http://integralpraxis.blogspot.com/ Integral Praxis] Post-Wilberian blog by the Integral Research Group (IRG), provides a diverse range of essays and links to all apsects of the Integral Movement

* [https://integralpraxis.blogspot.com/ Integral Praxis] Post-Wilberian blog by the Integral Research Group (IRG), provides a diverse range of essays and links to all apsects of the Integral Movement

* [http://www.sciy.org/ Science, Culture and Integral Yoga (SCIY)] Aurobindonian multi-authored blog based on the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in the context of diverse social commentary, founded by Rich Carlson

* [https://www.sciy.org/ Science, Culture and Integral Yoga (SCIY)] Aurobindonian multi-authored blog based on the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in the context of diverse social commentary, founded by Rich Carlson

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]