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[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]]

[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Ecstatic_at_Temple2.jpg|right|frame|<center>Remains at Delphi</center>]]

[[Image:Ecstatic_at_Temple2.jpg|right|frame|<center>Frank at Delphi</center>]]

'''Oracle of Delphi''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Δελφοί}}, [ðe̞lˈfi])

'''Oracle of Delphi''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] Δελφοί}}, [ðe̞lˈfi])  

The name ''Delphi'' is pronounced, in the English manner, as "Delf-eye" or in the Greek manner, as "Delfee" depending on regional accent.  The Greek spelling transliterates as "Delphoi" (with "o" added). and [[Ancient Greek dialects|dialectal]] forms '''Belphoi''' - [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolian]] form, '''Dalphoi''' - [[Phocian]] form and [https://www.travel-to-delphi.com/page.php?id=3&back=delphi.php other Greek dialectal varieties]) is an [[archaeology|archaeological]] site and a modern town in [[Greece]] on the south-western spur of [[Mount Parnassus]] in the valley of [[Phocis]]. Delphi was the site of the [[Pythia|Delphic oracle]], most important [[oracle]] in the classical Greek world, and it was a major site for the worship of the god [[Apollo]]. His sacred precinct in Delphi was a Panhellenic sanctuary, where every four years athletes from all over the Greek world competed in the [[Pythian Games]].

Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the site of the ''[[omphalos]]'' stone, the centre of the [[earth]] and the universe. In the inner ''hestia'' ("hearth") of the Temple of Apollo, an [[eternal flame]] burned. After the [[battle of Plataea]], the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi. Burkert 1985, pp. 61, 84.

Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the site of the ''[[omphalos]]'' stone, the centre of the [[earth]] and the universe. In the inner ''hestia'' ("hearth") of the Temple of Apollo, an [[eternal flame]] burned. After the [[battle of Plataea]], the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi. Burkert 1985, pp. 61, 84.

Delphi became the site of a major temple to [[Phoebus Apollo]], as well as the [[Pythian Games]] and the famous prehistoric oracle. Even in Roman times, hundreds of votive statues remained, described by [[Pliny the Younger]] and seen by [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]. Supposedly carved into the temple were three phrases: γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnothi seauton = "[[know thyself]]" and μηδὲν ἄγαν (meden agan = "nothing in excess"), as well as a large letter [[Epsilon|E]]. Hodge, A. Trevor. "The Mystery of Apollo's E at Delphi," ''American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 85, No. 1. (Jan., 1981), pp. 83-84.  Among other things epsilon signifies the number [[5 (number)|5]].  [[Plutarch]]'s essay on the meaning of the ''“E at Delphi"'' is the only literary source for the inscription.

Delphi became the site of a major temple to [[Phoebus Apollo]], as well as the [[Pythian Games]] and the famous prehistoric oracle. Even in Roman times, hundreds of votive statues remained, described by [[Pliny the Younger]] and seen by [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]. Supposedly carved into the temple were three phrases: γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnothi seauton = "[[know thyself]]" and μηδὲν ἄγαν (meden agan = "nothing in excess"), as well as a large letter [[Epsilon|E]]. Hodge, A. Trevor. "The Mystery of Apollo's E at Delphi," ''American Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 85, No. 1. (Jan., 1981), pp. 83-84.  Among other things epsilon signifies the number [[5 (number)|5]].  [[Plutarch]]'s essay on the meaning of the ''“E at Delphi"'' is the only literary source for the inscription.

From a late myth that deviates from much older ones, when young, Apollo killed the chthonic [[serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] [[Python (mythology)|Python]], named Pythia in older myths, but according to some later accounts his wife, [[Pythia]], who lived beside the [[Castalian Spring]], according to some because Python had attempted to rape [[Leto]] while she was pregnant with Apollo and [[Artemis]]. The bodies of the pair were draped around his Rod, which, with the wings created the [[caduceus]] symbolic of the god. This spring flowed toward the temple but disappeared beneath, creating a cleft which emitted vapors that caused the Oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since she was a child of Gaia. The shrine dedicated to Apollo was originally dedicated to Gaia and then, possibly to [[Poseidon]].  The name [[Pythia]] remained as the title of the Delphic [[Oracle]].  As punishment for this murder Apollo was sent to serve in menial tasks for eight years.  A festival, the Septeria, was performed annually portraying the slaying of the serpent, the flight, the atonement and the return of the God. The Pythian Games took place every four years to commemorate his victory [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/seyffert/0178.html].

From a late myth that deviates from much older ones, when young, Apollo killed the chthonic [[serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] [[Python (mythology)|Python]], named Pythia in older myths, but according to some later accounts his wife, [[Pythia]], who lived beside the [[Castalian Spring]], according to some because Python had attempted to rape [[Leto]] while she was pregnant with Apollo and [[Artemis]]. The bodies of the pair were draped around his Rod, which, with the wings created the [[caduceus]] symbolic of the god. This spring flowed toward the temple but disappeared beneath, creating a cleft which emitted vapors that caused the Oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since she was a child of Gaia. The shrine dedicated to Apollo was originally dedicated to Gaia and then, possibly to [[Poseidon]].  The name [[Pythia]] remained as the title of the Delphic [[Oracle]].  As punishment for this murder Apollo was sent to serve in menial tasks for eight years.  A festival, the Septeria, was performed annually portraying the slaying of the serpent, the flight, the atonement and the return of the God. The Pythian Games took place every four years to commemorate his victory [https://www.ancientlibrary.com/seyffert/0178.html].

[[Erwin Rohde]] wrote that the [[Python (mythology)|Python]] was an earth spirit, who was conquered by Apollo, and buried under the [[Omphalos]], and that it is a case of one deity setting up a temple on the grave of another. Rohde, ''Psyche'', p.97. Another view holds that Apollo was a fairly recent addition to the Greek [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] coming originally from [[Lydia]]. The [[Etruscans]] coming from northern [[Anatolia]] also worshiped Apollo, and it may be that he was originally identical with [[Mesopotamian mythology|Mesopotamian]] Aplu, an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] title meaning "son", originally given to the plague God [[Nergal]], son of [[Enlil]]. Apollo Smintheus (Greek Απόλλων Σμινθεύς), the mouse killer Entry: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395523 σμινθεύς] at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</ref> eliminates mice, a primary cause of disease, hence he promotes preventive medicine.

[[Erwin Rohde]] wrote that the [[Python (mythology)|Python]] was an earth spirit, who was conquered by Apollo, and buried under the [[Omphalos]], and that it is a case of one deity setting up a temple on the grave of another. Rohde, ''Psyche'', p.97. Another view holds that Apollo was a fairly recent addition to the Greek [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] coming originally from [[Lydia]]. The [[Etruscans]] coming from northern [[Anatolia]] also worshiped Apollo, and it may be that he was originally identical with [[Mesopotamian mythology|Mesopotamian]] Aplu, an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] title meaning "son", originally given to the plague God [[Nergal]], son of [[Enlil]]. Apollo Smintheus (Greek Απόλλων Σμινθεύς), the mouse killer Entry: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2395523 σμινθεύς] at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</ref> eliminates mice, a primary cause of disease, hence he promotes preventive medicine.

==Oracle==

==Oracle==

==Buildings and structures==

==Buildings and structures==

Occupation of the site at Delphi can be traced back to the Neolithic period with extensive occupation and use beginning in the Mycenaean period (1600-1100 B.C). Most of the ruins that survive today date from the most intense period of activity at the site in the [[6th century BC]]. [http://www.ancient-greece.org/archaeology/delphi-archaeology.html Delphi Archaeological Site], Ancient-Greece.org

Occupation of the site at Delphi can be traced back to the Neolithic period with extensive occupation and use beginning in the Mycenaean period (1600-1100 B.C). Most of the ruins that survive today date from the most intense period of activity at the site in the [[6th century BC]]. [https://www.ancient-greece.org/archaeology/delphi-archaeology.html Delphi Archaeological Site], Ancient-Greece.org

===Temple of Apollo===

===Temple of Apollo===

The ruins of the Temple of Apollo visible today date from the [[4th century BC]] are of a [[peripteral]] [[Doric order|Doric]] building. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the [[6th century BC]] which itself was erected on the site of a [[7th century BC]] construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes. [http://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-temple-of-apollo.html Temple of Apollo at Delphi], Ancient-Greece.org

The ruins of the Temple of Apollo visible today date from the [[4th century BC]] are of a [[peripteral]] [[Doric order|Doric]] building. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the [[6th century BC]] which itself was erected on the site of a [[7th century BC]] construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes. [https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-temple-of-apollo.html Temple of Apollo at Delphi], Ancient-Greece.org

The 6th century BC temple was named the "Temple of Alcmeonidae" in tribute to the Athenian family which funded its construction. It was a Doric [[hexastyle]] temple of 6 by 15 columns. The temple was destroyed in 373 BC by an earthquake with the third temple completed on the site by 330 BC. The third temple is attributed to Corinthian architects Spintharos, Xenodoros, and Agathon.

The 6th century BC temple was named the "Temple of Alcmeonidae" in tribute to the Athenian family which funded its construction. It was a Doric [[hexastyle]] temple of 6 by 15 columns. The temple was destroyed in 373 BC by an earthquake with the third temple completed on the site by 330 BC. The third temple is attributed to Corinthian architects Spintharos, Xenodoros, and Agathon.

===Treasuries===

===Treasuries===

From the entrance of the site, continuing up the slope almost to the temple itself, are a large number of [[votive deposit|votive]] statues, and numerous treasuries. These were built by the various states — those overseas as well as those on the mainland — to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for her advice, which was so important to those victories. The most impressive is the now-restored [[Athenian Treasury]], built to commemorate the Athenians' victory at the [[Battle of Marathon]]. According to Pausanias, the Athenians had previously been given the advice by the oracle to put their faith in their "wooden walls" — taking this advice to mean their navy, they won a famous battle at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]]. Another impressive treasury that exists on the site was dedicated by the city of [[Siphnos]], whose citizens had amassed great wealth from their silver and gold mines and so they dedicated the [[Siphnian Treasury]].

From the entrance of the site, continuing up the slope almost to the temple itself, are a large number of [[votive deposit|votive]] statues, and numerous treasuries. These were built by the various states — those overseas as well as those on the mainland — to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for her advice, which was so important to those victories. The most impressive is the now-restored [[Athenian Treasury]], built to commemorate the Athenians' victory at the [[Battle of Marathon]]. According to Pausanias, the Athenians had previously been given the advice by the oracle to put their faith in their "wooden walls" — taking this advice to mean their navy, they won a famous battle at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]]. Another impressive treasury that exists on the site was dedicated by the city of [[Siphnos]], whose citizens had amassed great wealth from their silver and gold mines and so they dedicated the [[Siphnian Treasury]].

The most extensive and well preserved treasury at Delphi was the treasury of Argos.  Built in the late Doric period, the Argives took great pride in establishing their place amongst the other city states.  Completed in the year 380, the treasury draws inspiration mostly from the Temple of Hera located in the Argolis, the acropolis of the city. However, recent analysis of the Archaic elements of the treasury suggest that its founding preceded this.

The most extensive and well preserved treasury at Delphi was the treasury of Argos.  Built in the late Doric period, the Argives took great pride in establishing their place amongst the other city states.  Completed in the year 380, the treasury draws inspiration mostly from the Temple of Hera located in the Argolis, the acropolis of the city. However, recent analysis of the Archaic elements of the treasury suggest that its founding preceded this.

===Altar of the Chians===

===Altar of the Chians===

Located in front of the Temple of Apollo, the main altar of the sanctuary was paid for and built by the people of [[Chios]]. It is dated to the [[5th century BC]] by the inscription on its [[cornice]]. Made entirely of black marble, except for the base and cornice, the altar would have made a striking impression. It was restored in 1920. [http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21110a/e211ja01.html Delphi], Hellenic Ministry of Culture.  

Located in front of the Temple of Apollo, the main altar of the sanctuary was paid for and built by the people of [[Chios]]. It is dated to the [[5th century BC]] by the inscription on its [[cornice]]. Made entirely of black marble, except for the base and cornice, the altar would have made a striking impression. It was restored in 1920. [https://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21110a/e211ja01.html Delphi], Hellenic Ministry of Culture.  

===Stoa of the Athenians===

===Stoa of the Athenians===

===Stadium===

===Stadium===

The [[stadium]] is located further up the hill, beyond the ''via sacra'' and the theatre. It was originally built in the [[5th century BC]] but was altered in later centuries. The last major remodeling took place in the [[2nd century]] AD under the patronage of [[Herodus Atticus]] when the stone seating was built and arched entrance. It could seat 6500 spectators and the track was 177 metres long and 25.5 metres wide. [http://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-stadium.html Delphi Stadium] at Ancient-Greece.org.

The [[stadium]] is located further up the hill, beyond the ''via sacra'' and the theatre. It was originally built in the [[5th century BC]] but was altered in later centuries. The last major remodeling took place in the [[2nd century]] AD under the patronage of [[Herodus Atticus]] when the stone seating was built and arched entrance. It could seat 6500 spectators and the track was 177 metres long and 25.5 metres wide. [https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-stadium.html Delphi Stadium] at Ancient-Greece.org.

===Theatre===

===Theatre===

The ancient [[theatre]] at Delphi was built further up the hill from the [[Temple of Apollo]] giving spectators a view of the entire sanctuary and the valley below. It was originally built in the [[4th century BC]] but was remodeled on several occasions since. Its 35 rows can seat 5,000 spectators.[http://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-theater.html Delphi Theater] at Ancient-Greece.org.

The ancient [[theatre]] at Delphi was built further up the hill from the [[Temple of Apollo]] giving spectators a view of the entire sanctuary and the valley below. It was originally built in the [[4th century BC]] but was remodeled on several occasions since. Its 35 rows can seat 5,000 spectators.[https://www.ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-theater.html Delphi Theater] at Ancient-Greece.org.

===Tholos===

===Tholos===

Modern Delphi is situated immediately west of the archaeological site and hence is a popular tourist destination. It is on a major highway linking [[Amfissa]] along with [[Itea, Greece|Itea]] and [[Arachova]]. There are many hotels and guest houses in the town, and many taverns and bars. The main streets are narrow, and often one-way. Delphi also has a school, a lyceum, a church and a square (''[[plateia]]''). The [[Trans European Footpath E4]] passes through the east end of the town. In addition to the archaeological interest, Delphi attracts tourists visiting the Parnassus Ski Center and the popular coastal towns of the region. The town has a population of 2,373 people while the population of the municipality of Delphi, including [[Chrisso, Phocis|Chrisso]] (ancient Krissa), is 3,511.

Modern Delphi is situated immediately west of the archaeological site and hence is a popular tourist destination. It is on a major highway linking [[Amfissa]] along with [[Itea, Greece|Itea]] and [[Arachova]]. There are many hotels and guest houses in the town, and many taverns and bars. The main streets are narrow, and often one-way. Delphi also has a school, a lyceum, a church and a square (''[[plateia]]''). The [[Trans European Footpath E4]] passes through the east end of the town. In addition to the archaeological interest, Delphi attracts tourists visiting the Parnassus Ski Center and the popular coastal towns of the region. The town has a population of 2,373 people while the population of the municipality of Delphi, including [[Chrisso, Phocis|Chrisso]] (ancient Krissa), is 3,511.

In [[Middle Ages|medieval times]] Delphi was also called Kastri and was built on the archaeological site. The residents had used the marble columns and structures as support beams and roofs for their improvised houses, a usual way of rebuilding towns which were partially or totally destroyed, especially after the earthquake in [[1580]] which demolished several towns in Phocis. In [[1893]] archaeologists from the [[École française d'Athènes]] finally located the actual site (see [http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:VBH7i4wfeucJ:www.greeka.com/greece-archaeological-sites.htm+french+archaeological+school+athens+delphi&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2 link]) of ancient Delphi and the village was moved to a new location, west of the site of the temples.

In [[Middle Ages|medieval times]] Delphi was also called Kastri and was built on the archaeological site. The residents had used the marble columns and structures as support beams and roofs for their improvised houses, a usual way of rebuilding towns which were partially or totally destroyed, especially after the earthquake in [[1580]] which demolished several towns in Phocis. In [[1893]] archaeologists from the [[École française d'Athènes]] finally located the actual site (see [https://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:VBH7i4wfeucJ:www.greeka.com/greece-archaeological-sites.htm+french+archaeological+school+athens+delphi&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2 link]) of ancient Delphi and the village was moved to a new location, west of the site of the temples.

The [[Delphi Archaeological Museum]] is at the foot of the main archaeological complex, on the east side of the village, and on the north side of the main road. The museum houses an impressive collection associated with ancient [[Delphi]], including the earliest known notation of a melody. Entries to the museum and to the main complex are separate and chargeable, and a reduced rate ticket gets entry to both. There is a small cafe, and a post office by the museum. Slightly further east, on the south side of the main road, is the [[Gymnasium]] and the [[Tholos]]. Entry to these is free.

The [[Delphi Archaeological Museum]] is at the foot of the main archaeological complex, on the east side of the village, and on the north side of the main road. The museum houses an impressive collection associated with ancient [[Delphi]], including the earliest known notation of a melody. Entries to the museum and to the main complex are separate and chargeable, and a reduced rate ticket gets entry to both. There is a small cafe, and a post office by the museum. Slightly further east, on the south side of the main road, is the [[Gymnasium]] and the [[Tholos]]. Entry to these is free.

==Media==

==Media==

To see a short movie showing Delphi's main sights, go:  [http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/IcelandGreeceTurkey/Greece/video_Delphi_Sights.htm here]

To see a short movie showing Delphi's main sights, go:  [https://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/IcelandGreeceTurkey/Greece/video_Delphi_Sights.htm here]

==See also==

==See also==

*Goodrich, Norma Lorre, ''Priestesses'', 1990.

*Goodrich, Norma Lorre, ''Priestesses'', 1990.

*Guthrie, William Keith Chambers, ''The Greeks and their Gods'', 1955.

*Guthrie, William Keith Chambers, ''The Greeks and their Gods'', 1955.

*[[Manly Palmer Hall|Hall, Manly Palmer]], ''The Secret Teachings of All Ages'', 1928. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta14.htm Ch. 14 cf. Greek Oracles],[http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/index.htm www], [http://www.prs.org/secret.htm PRS]

*[[Manly Palmer Hall|Hall, Manly Palmer]], ''The Secret Teachings of All Ages'', 1928. [https://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta14.htm Ch. 14 cf. Greek Oracles],[https://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/index.htm www], [https://www.prs.org/secret.htm PRS]

*[[Herodotus]], ''The Histories''

*[[Herodotus]], ''The Histories''

*Marrero, Frank, Songs of Deliverance: A Depository of Orphic Wisdom, 2005, Tripod Press

*Marrero, Frank, Songs of Deliverance: A Depository of Orphic Wisdom, 2005, Tripod Press

*Marrero, Frank, The View from Delphi, Book I, Rhapsodies on Hellenic Widsom, Book II An Ecstatic Appreciation of W. History

*Marrero, Frank, The View from Delphi, Book I, Rhapsodies on Hellenic Widsom, Book II An Ecstatic Appreciation of W. History

*[http://omacl.org/Hesiod/hymns.html Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo]

*[https://omacl.org/Hesiod/hymns.html Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo]

*Parke, Herbert William, ''History of the Delphic Oracle'', 1939.

*Parke, Herbert William, ''History of the Delphic Oracle'', 1939.

*[[Plutarch]] "Lives"

*[[Plutarch]] "Lives"

===General===

===General===

*[http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2507 Official website of the archaeological site]  

*[https://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2507 Official website of the archaeological site]  

*[http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/eh151.jsp?obj_id=3404 Official website of the Museum]  

*[https://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/eh151.jsp?obj_id=3404 Official website of the Museum]  

*[http://www.efa.gr/histoire/histoire1870_03.htm History of the Ecole française d'Athènes in Delphi]  

*[https://www.efa.gr/histoire/histoire1870_03.htm History of the Ecole française d'Athènes in Delphi]  

*[http://www.fokida.gr/en/dim_delfon.html Homepage of the modern municipality]  

*[https://www.fokida.gr/en/dim_delfon.html Homepage of the modern municipality]  

*[http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21110a/e211ja01.html Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Delphi]

*[https://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21110a/e211ja01.html Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Delphi]

*[http://hellas.teipir.gr/prefectures/greek/Fokidas/Delfoi.htm Delphi]  

*[https://hellas.teipir.gr/prefectures/greek/Fokidas/Delfoi.htm Delphi]  

*[http://www.moonspeaker.ca/Delphi/delphi.html C. Osborne, "A Short detour to Delphi and the Sibyls"]

*[https://www.moonspeaker.ca/Delphi/delphi.html C. Osborne, "A Short detour to Delphi and the Sibyls"]

*[http://www.livius.org/a/greece/delphi/delphi.html Livius Picture Archive: Delphi]

*[https://www.livius.org/a/greece/delphi/delphi.html Livius Picture Archive: Delphi]

*[http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/med/me-elo.htm Eloise Hart, "The Delphic oracle"]

*[https://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/med/me-elo.htm Eloise Hart, "The Delphic oracle"]

*[http://delphic.de/index.php?id=87&L=0 III JUNIOR DELPHIC GAMES 2007 Baguio City, Philippines - November 10 to 15]

*[https://delphic.de/index.php?id=87&L=0 III JUNIOR DELPHIC GAMES 2007 Baguio City, Philippines - November 10 to 15]

*[http://www.delphic.org International Delphic Council]

*[https://www.delphic.org International Delphic Council]

===Geology of Delphi===

===Geology of Delphi===

*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0009BD34-398C-1F0A-97AE80A84189EEDF John R. Hale, et al., "Questioning the Delphic Oracle: When science meets religion at this ancient Greek site, the two turn out to be on better terms than scholars had originally thought", in ''Scientific American'' August 2003]

*[https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0009BD34-398C-1F0A-97AE80A84189EEDF John R. Hale, et al., "Questioning the Delphic Oracle: When science meets religion at this ancient Greek site, the two turn out to be on better terms than scholars had originally thought", in ''Scientific American'' August 2003]

*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle.html John Roach, "Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors" in ''National Geographic news''], August 2001

*[https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/08/0814_delphioracle.html John Roach, "Delphic Oracle's Lips May Have Been Loosened by Gas Vapors" in ''National Geographic news''], August 2001

*[http://geology.about.com/cs/odds_and_ends/a/aa081901a.htm Geology of Delphi]

*[https://geology.about.com/cs/odds_and_ends/a/aa081901a.htm Geology of Delphi]

*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/inhalants/inhalants_history1.shtml ''The New York Times,'' March 19, 2002: "Fumes and Visions Were Not a Myth for Oracle at Delphi"]

*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/inhalants/inhalants_history1.shtml ''The New York Times,'' March 19, 2002: "Fumes and Visions Were Not a Myth for Oracle at Delphi"]

*[http://geologie.uqac.ca/~mhiggins/greece.htm ''A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean'' by Michael and Reynold Higgins, Cornell University Press, 1996]

*[https://geologie.uqac.ca/~mhiggins/greece.htm ''A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean'' by Michael and Reynold Higgins, Cornell University Press, 1996]

[[Category:General Reference]]

[[Category:General Reference]]

[[Category: Archaeology]]

[[Category: Archaeology]]

[[Category: The Classics]]

[[Category: The Classics]]