Changes

65:2.2 Very few [[species]] of the early [[types]] of [[marine]] [[vegetation]] that [[participated]] in those [[epochal]] [[changes]] which resulted in the animallike borderland [[organisms]] are in [[existence]] today. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges sponges] are the [[survivors]] of one of these early midway types, those [[organisms]] through which the [[gradual]] [[transition]] from the [[vegetable]] to the [[animal]] took place. These early [[transition]] [[forms]], while not identical with modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges sponges], were much like them; they were true borderline organisms—neither [[vegetable]] nor [[animal]]—but they [[eventually]] led to the [[development]] of the true [[animal]] forms of life.

65:2.2 Very few [[species]] of the early [[types]] of [[marine]] [[vegetation]] that [[participated]] in those [[epochal]] [[changes]] which resulted in the animallike borderland [[organisms]] are in [[existence]] today. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges sponges] are the [[survivors]] of one of these early midway types, those [[organisms]] through which the [[gradual]] [[transition]] from the [[vegetable]] to the [[animal]] took place. These early [[transition]] [[forms]], while not identical with modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges sponges], were much like them; they were true borderline organisms—neither [[vegetable]] nor [[animal]]—but they [[eventually]] led to the [[development]] of the true [[animal]] forms of life.

65:2.3 The [[bacteria]], simple vegetable [[organisms]] of a very [[primitive]] [[nature]], are very little changed from the early dawn of life; they even exhibit a degree of retrogression in their parasitic behavior. Many of the fungi also represent a retrograde movement in evolution, being plants which have lost their chlorophyll-making ability and have become more or less parasitic. The majority of disease-causing bacteria and their auxiliary virus bodies really belong to this group of renegade parasitic fungi. During the intervening ages all of the vast kingdom of plant life has evolved from ancestors from which the bacteria have also descended.

65:2.3 The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria], simple vegetable [[organisms]] of a very [[primitive]] [[nature]], are very little changed from the early dawn of life; they even [[exhibit]] a [[degree]] of [[retrogression]] in their [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite parasitic] [[behavior]]. Many of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi fungi] also [[represent]] a [[retrograde]] movement in [[evolution]], being [[plants]] which have lost their [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyl chlorophyll]-making [[ability]] and have become more or less parasitic. The [[majority]] of [[disease]]-causing bacteria and their auxiliary [[virus]] bodies really belong to this [[group]] of renegade parasitic [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/fungus fungi]. During the intervening ages all of the vast kingdom of [[plant]] life has evolved from [[ancestors]] from which the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] have also descended.

65:2.4 The higher protozoan type of animal life soon appeared, and appeared suddenly. And from these far-distant times the ameba, the typical single-celled animal organism, has come on down but little modified. He disports himself today much as he did when he was the last and greatest achievement in life evolution. This minute creature and his protozoan cousins are to the animal creation what bacteria are to the plant kingdom; they represent the survival of the first early evolutionary steps in life differentiation together with failure of subsequent development.

65:2.4 The higher [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa protozoan] type of [[animal]] life soon appeared, and appeared suddenly. And from these far-distant times the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba ameba], the typical single-[[cell]]ed [[animal]] [[organism]], has come on down but little [[modified]]. He disports himself today much as he did when he was the last and greatest [[achievement]] in life [[evolution]]. This minute [[creature]] and his protozoan cousins are to the [[animal]] [[creation]] what [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] are to the [[plant]] kingdom; they [[represent]] the [[survival]] of the first early evolutionary steps in life [[differentiation]] together with failure of subsequent [[development]].

65:2.5 Before long the early single-celled animal types associated themselves in communities, first on the plan of the Volvox and presently along the lines of the Hydra and jellyfish. Still later there evolved the starfish, stone lilies, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, centipedes, insects, spiders, crustaceans, and the closely related groups of earthworms and leeches, soon followed by the mollusks—the oyster, octopus, and snail. Hundreds upon hundreds of species intervened and perished; mention is made only of those which survived the long, long struggle. Such nonprogressive specimens, together with the later appearing fish family, today represent the stationary types of early and lower animals, branches of the tree of life which failed to progress.

65:2.5 Before long the early single-[[cell]]ed [[animal]] types [[associated]] themselves in [[communities]], first on the plan of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvox Volvox] and presently along the lines of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra Hydra] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish jellyfish]. Still later there evolved the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish starfish], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Lilies stone lilies], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchins sea urchins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumbers sea cucumbers], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipedes centipedes], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects insects], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiders spiders], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans crustaceans], and the closely related groups of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworms earthworms] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeches leeches], soon followed by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks mollusks]—the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster oyster], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus octopus], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail snail]. Hundreds upon hundreds of [[species]] intervened and perished; mention is made only of those which [[survived]] the long, long [[struggle]]. Such nonprogressive specimens, together with the later appearing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish fish] family, today [[represent]] the stationary types of early and lower [[animals]], branches of the [[tree of life]] which failed to [[progress]].

65:2.6 The stage was thus set for the appearance of the first backboned animals, the fishes. From this fish family there sprang two unique modifications, the frog and the salamander. And it was the frog which began that series of progressive differentiations in animal life that finally culminated in man himself.

65:2.6 The [[stage]] was thus set for the [[appearance]] of the first backboned animals, the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishes fishes]. From this fish [[family]] there sprang two [[unique]] [[modifications]], the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] and the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander salamander]. And it was the frog which began that series of [[progressive]] [[differentiations]] in [[animal]] life that finally culminated in [[man]] himself.

65:2.7 The frog is one of the earliest of surviving human-race ancestors, but it also failed to progress, persisting today much as in those remote times. The frog is the only species ancestor of the early dawn races now living on the face of the earth. The human race has no surviving ancestry between the frog and the Eskimo.

65:2.7 The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] is one of the earliest of [[surviving]] [[human]]-race [[ancestors]], but it also failed to [[progress]], [[persisting]] today much as in those remote times. The frog is the only [[species]] ancestor of the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62 early dawn races] now living on the [[face]] of the [[earth]]. The [[human]] [[race]] has no surviving [[ancestry]] between the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] and the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo Eskimo].

65:2.8 The frogs gave rise to the Reptilia, a great animal family which is virtually extinct, but which, before passing out of existence, gave origin to the whole bird family and the numerous orders of mammals.

65:2.8 The frogs gave rise to the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles Reptilia], a great [[animal]] [[family]] which is [[virtually]] [[extinct]], but which, before passing out of [[existence]], gave origin to the whole [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird bird] family and the numerous orders of [[mammals]].

65:2.9 Probably the greatest single leap of all prehuman evolution was executed when the reptile became a bird. The bird types of today—eagles, ducks, pigeons, and ostriches—all descended from the enormous reptiles of long, long ago.

65:2.9 Probably the greatest single leap of all prehuman [[evolution]] was executed when the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile reptile] became a [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird bird]. The bird types of today—[http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles eagles], [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducks ducks], [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeons pigeons], and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich ostriches]—all [[descended]] from the enormous [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles reptiles] of long, long ago.

65:2.10 The kingdom of reptiles, descended from the frog family, is today represented by four surviving divisions: two nonprogressive, snakes and lizards, together with their cousins, alligators and turtles; one partially progressive, the bird family, and the fourth, the ancestors of mammals and the direct line of descent of the human species. But though long departed, the massiveness of the passing Reptilia found echo in the elephant and mastodon, while their peculiar forms were perpetuated in the leaping kangaroos.

65:2.10 The kingdom of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles reptiles], [[descended]] from the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog frog] family, is today [[represented]] by four [[surviving]] divisions: two nonprogressive, [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes snakes] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizards lizards], together with their cousins, [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligators alligators] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles turtles]; one partially [[progressive]], the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird bird] family, and the fourth, the [[ancestors]] of [[mammals]] and the direct line of [[descent]] of the [[human]] [[species]]. But though long departed, the massiveness of the passing Reptilia found [[echo]] in the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant elephant] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon mastodon], while their peculiar forms were perpetuated in the leaping [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroos kangaroos].

65:2.11 Only fourteen phyla have appeared on Urantia, the fishes being the last, and no new classes have developed since birds and mammals.

65:2.11 Only fourteen [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyla phyla] have [[appeared]] on [[Urantia]], the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishes fishes] being the last, and no new classes have [[developed]] since [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds birds] and [[mammals]].

65:2.12 It was from an agile little reptilian dinosaur of carnivorous habits but having a comparatively large brain that the placental mammals suddenly sprang. These mammals developed rapidly and in many different ways, not only giving rise to the common modern varieties but also evolving into marine types, such as whales and seals, and into air navigators like the bat family.

65:2.12 It was from an [[agile]] little reptilian [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur dinosaur] of [[carnivorous]] [[habits]] but having a comparatively large [[brain]] that the [[placental]] [[mammals]] suddenly sprang. These [[mammals]] [[developed]] rapidly and in many [[different]] ways, not only giving rise to the common modern varieties but also evolving into [[marine]] [[types]], such as [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whales whales] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals seals], and into air navigators like the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats bat] family.

65:2.13 Man thus evolved from the higher mammals derived principally from the western implantation of life in the ancient east-west sheltered seas. The eastern and central groups of living organisms were early progressing favorably toward the attainment of prehuman levels of animal existence. But as the ages passed, the eastern focus of life emplacement failed to attain a satisfactory level of intelligent prehuman status, having suffered such repeated and irretrievable losses of its highest types of germ plasm that it was forever shorn of the power to rehabilitate human potentialities.

65:2.13 [[Man]] thus evolved from the higher [[mammals]] derived principally from the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA western implantation] of life in the ancient east-west sheltered seas. The eastern and central groups of living [[organisms]] were early progressing favorably toward the [[attainment]] of prehuman levels of [[animal]] [[existence]]. But as the ages passed, the eastern [[focus]] of life emplacement failed to attain a satisfactory level of [[intelligent]] prehuman [[status]], having suffered such repeated and irretrievable losses of its highest types of [[germ plasm]] that it was forever shorn of the [[power]] to [[rehabilitate]] [[human]] [[potentialities]].

65:2.14 Since the quality of the mind capacity for development in this eastern group was so definitely inferior to that of the other two groups, the Life Carriers, with the consent of their superiors, so manipulated the environment as further to circumscribe these inferior prehuman strains of evolving life. To all outward appearances the elimination of these inferior groups of creatures was accidental, but in reality it was altogether purposeful.

65:2.14 Since the [[quality]] of the [[mind]] [[capacity]] for [[development]] in this eastern group was so definitely inferior to that of the other two groups, the [[Life Carriers]], with the consent of their superiors, so [[manipulated]] the [[environment]] as further to [[circumscribe]] these inferior prehuman strains of evolving life. To all outward [[appearances]] the elimination of these inferior [[groups]] of [[creatures]] was [[accidental]], but in [[reality]] it was altogether [[purposeful]].

65:2.15 Later in the evolutionary unfolding of intelligence, the lemur ancestors of the human species were far more advanced in North America than in other regions; and they were therefore led to migrate from the arena of western life implantation over the Bering land bridge and down the coast to southwestern Asia, where they continued to evolve and to benefit by the addition of certain strains of the central life group. Man thus evolved out of certain western and central life strains but in the central to near-eastern regions.

65:2.15 Later in the [[evolutionary]] unfolding of [[intelligence]], the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur lemur] [[ancestors]] of the [[human]] [[species]] were far more advanced in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] than in other regions; and they were therefore led to [[migrate]] from the arena of [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_58#58:4._THE_LIFE-DAWN_ERA western life implantation] over the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia Bering land bridge] and down the coast to southwestern Asia, where they continued to [[evolve]] and to benefit by the addition of certain strains of the central life group. [[Man]] thus evolved out of certain western and central life strains but in the central to near-eastern regions.

65:2.16 In this way the life that was planted on Urantia evolved until the ice age, when man himself first appeared and began his eventful planetary career. And this appearance of primitive man on earth during the ice age was not just an accident; it was by design. The rigors and climatic severity of the glacial era were in every way adapted to the purpose of fostering the production of a hardy type of human being with tremendous survival endowment.

65:2.16 In this way the life that was planted on [[Urantia]] evolved until the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age], when [[man]] himself first [[appeared]] and began his [[eventful]] [[planetary]] [[career]]. And this [[appearance]] of [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] on [[earth]] during the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] was not just an [[accident]]; it was by [[design]]. The [[Adversity|rigors]] and [[climatic]] severity of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glacial] era were in every way adapted to the [[purpose]] of fostering the production of a hardy [[type]] of [[human being]] with tremendous [[survival]] [[endowment]].

==65:3. THE FOSTERING OF EVOLUTION==     

==65:3. THE FOSTERING OF EVOLUTION==