Changes

68:1.1 When brought closely [[together]], [[men]] often learn to like one another, but [[primitive]] man was not naturally overflowing with the [[spirit]] of [[brotherly]] [[feeling]] and the [[desire]] for [[social]] [[contact]] with his fellows. Rather did the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 early races] [[learn]] by sad [[experience]] that "in [[union]] there is [[strength]]"; and it is this lack of [[natural]] [[brotherly]] [[attraction]] that now stands in the way of [[immediate]] [[realization]] of the brotherhood of man on [[Urantia]].

68:1.1 When brought closely [[together]], [[men]] often learn to like one another, but [[primitive]] man was not naturally overflowing with the [[spirit]] of [[brotherly]] [[feeling]] and the [[desire]] for [[social]] [[contact]] with his fellows. Rather did the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 early races] [[learn]] by sad [[experience]] that "in [[union]] there is [[strength]]"; and it is this lack of [[natural]] [[brotherly]] [[attraction]] that now stands in the way of [[immediate]] [[realization]] of the brotherhood of man on [[Urantia]].

68:1.2 [[Association]] early became the price of [[survival]]. The lone man was helpless unless he bore a [[tribal]] mark which [[testified]] that he belonged to a [[group]] which would certainly avenge any [[assault]] made upon him. Even in the days of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain Cain][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:2._CAIN_AND_ABEL] it was fatal to go abroad alone without some mark of [[group]] [[association]]. [[Civilization]] has become man's insurance against [[violent]] [[death]], while the premiums are paid by submission to [[society]]'s numerous [[law]] demands.

68:1.2 [[Association]] early became the price of [[survival]]. The lone man was helpless unless he bore a [[tribal]] mark which [[testified]] that he belonged to a [[group]] which would certainly avenge any [[assault]] made upon him. Even in the days of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain Cain][https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:2._CAIN_AND_ABEL] it was fatal to go abroad alone without some mark of [[group]] [[association]]. [[Civilization]] has become man's insurance against [[violent]] [[death]], while the premiums are paid by submission to [[society]]'s numerous [[law]] demands.

68:1.3 [[Primitive]] [[society]] was thus founded on the [[reciprocity]] of [[necessity]] and on the enhanced safety of [[association]]. And [[human]] [[society]] has evolved in agelong [[cycles]] as a result of this [[isolation]] [[fear]] and by means of reluctant [[co-operation]].

68:1.3 [[Primitive]] [[society]] was thus founded on the [[reciprocity]] of [[necessity]] and on the enhanced safety of [[association]]. And [[human]] [[society]] has evolved in agelong [[cycles]] as a result of this [[isolation]] [[fear]] and by means of reluctant [[co-operation]].

68:1.5 The peoples who thus early [[organized]] themselves into a [[primitive]] [[society]] became more successful in their attacks on [[nature]] as well as in [[defense]] against their fellows; they [[possessed]] greater [[survival]] [[possibilities]]; hence has [[civilization]] steadily [[progressed]] on [[Urantia]], notwithstanding its many setbacks. And it is only because of the enhancement of [[survival]] [[value]] in [[association]] that man's many blunders have thus far failed to stop or destroy [[human]] [[civilization]].

68:1.5 The peoples who thus early [[organized]] themselves into a [[primitive]] [[society]] became more successful in their attacks on [[nature]] as well as in [[defense]] against their fellows; they [[possessed]] greater [[survival]] [[possibilities]]; hence has [[civilization]] steadily [[progressed]] on [[Urantia]], notwithstanding its many setbacks. And it is only because of the enhancement of [[survival]] [[value]] in [[association]] that man's many blunders have thus far failed to stop or destroy [[human]] [[civilization]].

68:1.6 That contemporary [[cultural]] [[society]] is a rather recent [[phenomenon]] is well shown by the present-day [[survival]] of such [[primitive]] [[social]] conditions as characterize the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines Australian natives] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmies Pygmies] of Africa. Among these backward peoples may be [[observed]] something of the early [[group]] hostility, [[personal]] [[suspicion]], and other highly antisocial traits which were so characteristic of all [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive races]. These miserable remnants of the nonsocial peoples of ancient times bear [[eloquent]] [[testimony]] to the [[fact]] that the [[natural]] [[individual]]istic tendency of man cannot successfully [[compete]] with the more [[potent]] and [[powerful]] [[organizations]] and [[associations]] of [[social]] [[progression]]. These backward and suspicious antisocial races that speak a [[different]] dialect every forty or fifty miles [[illustrate]] what a world you might now be living in but for the combined [[teaching]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF corporeal staff] of the [[Planetary Prince]] and the later labors of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:4._THE_VIOLET_RACE Adamic group] of racial uplifters.

68:1.6 That contemporary [[cultural]] [[society]] is a rather recent [[phenomenon]] is well shown by the present-day [[survival]] of such [[primitive]] [[social]] conditions as characterize the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines Australian natives] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmies Pygmies] of Africa. Among these backward peoples may be [[observed]] something of the early [[group]] hostility, [[personal]] [[suspicion]], and other highly antisocial traits which were so characteristic of all [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive races]. These miserable remnants of the nonsocial peoples of ancient times bear [[eloquent]] [[testimony]] to the [[fact]] that the [[natural]] [[individual]]istic tendency of man cannot successfully [[compete]] with the more [[potent]] and [[powerful]] [[organizations]] and [[associations]] of [[social]] [[progression]]. These backward and suspicious antisocial races that speak a [[different]] dialect every forty or fifty miles [[illustrate]] what a world you might now be living in but for the combined [[teaching]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF corporeal staff] of the [[Planetary Prince]] and the later labors of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_76#76:4._THE_VIOLET_RACE Adamic group] of racial uplifters.

68:1.7 The modern phrase, "back to [[nature]]," is a [[delusion]] of [[ignorance]], a [[belief]] in the [[reality]] of the onetime fictitious "golden age." The only basis for the [[legend]] of the golden age is the historic [[fact]] of [[Dalamatia]] and [[Eden]]. But these improved [[societies]] were far from the [[realization]] of [[utopian]] [[dreams]].

68:1.7 The modern phrase, "back to [[nature]]," is a [[delusion]] of [[ignorance]], a [[belief]] in the [[reality]] of the onetime fictitious "golden age." The only basis for the [[legend]] of the golden age is the historic [[fact]] of [[Dalamatia]] and [[Eden]]. But these improved [[societies]] were far from the [[realization]] of [[utopian]] [[dreams]].

68:2.4 The herd [[instinct]] in [[natural]] man is hardly sufficient to account for the [[development]] of such a [[social]] [[organization]] as now exists on [[Urantia]]. Though this innate gregarious [[propensity]] lies at the bottom of [[human]] [[society]], much of man's sociability is an acquirement. Two great [[influences]] which [[contributed]] to the early [[association]] of [[human beings]] were [[food]] [[hunger]] and [[sex]] [[love]]; these instinctive urges man [[shares]] with the [[animal]] world. Two other [[emotions]] which drove [[human]] [[beings]] together and held them [[together]] were [[vanity]] and [[fear]], more particularly [[ghost]] [[fear]].

68:2.4 The herd [[instinct]] in [[natural]] man is hardly sufficient to account for the [[development]] of such a [[social]] [[organization]] as now exists on [[Urantia]]. Though this innate gregarious [[propensity]] lies at the bottom of [[human]] [[society]], much of man's sociability is an acquirement. Two great [[influences]] which [[contributed]] to the early [[association]] of [[human beings]] were [[food]] [[hunger]] and [[sex]] [[love]]; these instinctive urges man [[shares]] with the [[animal]] world. Two other [[emotions]] which drove [[human]] [[beings]] together and held them [[together]] were [[vanity]] and [[fear]], more particularly [[ghost]] [[fear]].

68:2.5 [[History]] is but the [[record]] of man's agelong [[food]] [[struggle]]. [[Primitive]] man only [[thought]] when he was [[hungry]]; food saving was his first self-denial, [[self]]-[[discipline]]. With the [[growth]] of [[society]], [[food]] [[hunger]] ceased to be the only incentive for [[mutual]] [[association]]. Numerous other sorts of [[hunger]], the [[realization]] of various needs, all led to the closer [[association]] of [[mankind]]. But today [[society]] is top-heavy with the overgrowth of supposed human needs. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occident Occidental civilization] of the twentieth century groans wearily under the tremendous overload of [[luxury]] and the inordinate multiplication of [[human]] [[desires]] and longings. Modern [[society]] is enduring the strain of one of its most dangerous [[phases]] of far-flung interassociation and highly [[complicated]] [[interdependence]].

68:2.5 [[History]] is but the [[record]] of man's agelong [[food]] [[struggle]]. [[Primitive]] man only [[thought]] when he was [[hungry]]; food saving was his first self-denial, [[self]]-[[discipline]]. With the [[growth]] of [[society]], [[food]] [[hunger]] ceased to be the only incentive for [[mutual]] [[association]]. Numerous other sorts of [[hunger]], the [[realization]] of various needs, all led to the closer [[association]] of [[mankind]]. But today [[society]] is top-heavy with the overgrowth of supposed human needs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occident Occidental civilization] of the twentieth century groans wearily under the tremendous overload of [[luxury]] and the inordinate multiplication of [[human]] [[desires]] and longings. Modern [[society]] is enduring the strain of one of its most dangerous [[phases]] of far-flung interassociation and highly [[complicated]] [[interdependence]].

68:2.6 [[Hunger]], [[vanity]], and [[ghost]] [[fear]] were continuous in their [[social]] [[pressure]], but [[sex]] [[gratification]] was transient and spasmodic. The [[sex]] urge alone did not impel [[primitive]] [[men]] and [[women]] to assume the heavy burdens of [[home]] [[maintenance]]. The early [[home]] was founded upon the [[sex]] restlessness of the [[male]] when deprived of frequent [[gratification]] and upon that [[devoted]] [[mother]] [[love]] of the [[human]] [[female]], which in [[measure]] she shares with the females of all the higher [[animals]]. The [[presence]] of a helpless baby determined the early [[differentiation]] of [[male]] and [[female]] [[activities]]; the [[woman]] had to [[maintain]] a settled [[residence]] where she could [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. And from earliest times, where [[woman]] was has always been regarded as the [[home]].

68:2.6 [[Hunger]], [[vanity]], and [[ghost]] [[fear]] were continuous in their [[social]] [[pressure]], but [[sex]] [[gratification]] was transient and spasmodic. The [[sex]] urge alone did not impel [[primitive]] [[men]] and [[women]] to assume the heavy burdens of [[home]] [[maintenance]]. The early [[home]] was founded upon the [[sex]] restlessness of the [[male]] when deprived of frequent [[gratification]] and upon that [[devoted]] [[mother]] [[love]] of the [[human]] [[female]], which in [[measure]] she shares with the females of all the higher [[animals]]. The [[presence]] of a helpless baby determined the early [[differentiation]] of [[male]] and [[female]] [[activities]]; the [[woman]] had to [[maintain]] a settled [[residence]] where she could [[cultivate]] the [[soil]]. And from earliest times, where [[woman]] was has always been regarded as the [[home]].

==68:4. EVOLUTION OF THE MORES==

==68:4. EVOLUTION OF THE MORES==

68:4.1 All [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] [[social]] [[institutions]] arise from the [[evolution]] of the [[primitive]] [[customs]] of your savage [[ancestors]]; the [[conventions]] of today are the [[modified]] and expanded [[customs]] of [[Past|yesterday]]. What [[habit]] is to the [[individual]], [[custom]] is to the [[group]]; and group customs [[develop]] into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] or [[tribal]] [[traditions]]—mass conventions. From these early beginnings all of the [[institutions]] of present-day [[human]] [[society]] take their [[humble]] [[origin]].

68:4.1 All [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern modern] [[social]] [[institutions]] arise from the [[evolution]] of the [[primitive]] [[customs]] of your savage [[ancestors]]; the [[conventions]] of today are the [[modified]] and expanded [[customs]] of [[Past|yesterday]]. What [[habit]] is to the [[individual]], [[custom]] is to the [[group]]; and group customs [[develop]] into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] or [[tribal]] [[traditions]]—mass conventions. From these early beginnings all of the [[institutions]] of present-day [[human]] [[society]] take their [[humble]] [[origin]].

68:4.2 It must be borne in [[mind]] that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] [[originated]] in an [[effort]] to [[adjust]] [[group]] living to the conditions of mass [[existence]]; the mores were man's first [[social]] [[institution]]. And all of these [[tribal]] [[reactions]] grew out of the [[effort]] to avoid [[pain]] and [[humiliation]] while at the same time seeking to [[enjoy]] [[pleasure]] and [[power]]. The [[origin]] of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways], like the [[origin]] of [[languages]], is always [[unconscious]] and unintentional and therefore always shrouded in [[mystery]].

68:4.2 It must be borne in [[mind]] that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] [[originated]] in an [[effort]] to [[adjust]] [[group]] living to the conditions of mass [[existence]]; the mores were man's first [[social]] [[institution]]. And all of these [[tribal]] [[reactions]] grew out of the [[effort]] to avoid [[pain]] and [[humiliation]] while at the same time seeking to [[enjoy]] [[pleasure]] and [[power]]. The [[origin]] of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways], like the [[origin]] of [[languages]], is always [[unconscious]] and unintentional and therefore always shrouded in [[mystery]].

68:4.3 [[Ghost]] [[fear]] drove [[primitive]] man to envision the [[supernatural]] and thus securely laid the [[foundations]] for those [[powerful]] [[social]] [[influences]] of [[ethics]] and [[religion]] which in turn preserved inviolate the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] and [[customs]] of [[society]] from [[generation]] to generation. The one [[thing]] which early [[established]] and crystallized the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] was the [[belief]] that the [[dead]] were [[jealous]] of the ways by which they had lived and died; therefore would they visit dire [[punishment]] upon those living [[mortals]] who dared to treat with careless disdain the rules of living which they had [[honored]] when in the [[flesh]]. All this is best [[illustrated]] by the present [[reverence]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA yellow race] for their [[ancestors]]. Later [[developing]] [[primitive]] [[religion]] greatly reinforced [[ghost]] [[fear]] in [[stabilizing]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores], but advancing [[civilization]] has increasingly [[liberated]] [[mankind]] from the bondage of [[fear]] and the [[slavery]] of [[superstition]].

68:4.3 [[Ghost]] [[fear]] drove [[primitive]] man to envision the [[supernatural]] and thus securely laid the [[foundations]] for those [[powerful]] [[social]] [[influences]] of [[ethics]] and [[religion]] which in turn preserved inviolate the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] and [[customs]] of [[society]] from [[generation]] to generation. The one [[thing]] which early [[established]] and crystallized the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] was the [[belief]] that the [[dead]] were [[jealous]] of the ways by which they had lived and died; therefore would they visit dire [[punishment]] upon those living [[mortals]] who dared to treat with careless disdain the rules of living which they had [[honored]] when in the [[flesh]]. All this is best [[illustrated]] by the present [[reverence]] of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA yellow race] for their [[ancestors]]. Later [[developing]] [[primitive]] [[religion]] greatly reinforced [[ghost]] [[fear]] in [[stabilizing]] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores], but advancing [[civilization]] has increasingly [[liberated]] [[mankind]] from the bondage of [[fear]] and the [[slavery]] of [[superstition]].

68:4.4 Prior to the [[liberating]] and liberalizing instruction of the [[Dalamatia]] [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF teachers], ancient man was held a helpless [[victim]] of the [[ritual]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]; the [[primitive]] savage was hedged about by an endless [[ceremonial]]. Everything he did from the time of [[awakening]] in the morning to the [[moment]] he fell a[[sleep]] in his [[cave]] at night had to be done just so—in [[accordance]] with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] of the [[tribe]]. He was a [[slave]] to the [[tyranny]] of usage; his life contained nothing [[free]], [[spontaneous]], or [[original]]. There was no [[natural]] [[progress]] toward a higher [[mental]], [[moral]], or [[social]] [[existence]].

68:4.4 Prior to the [[liberating]] and liberalizing instruction of the [[Dalamatia]] [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF teachers], ancient man was held a helpless [[victim]] of the [[ritual]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]; the [[primitive]] savage was hedged about by an endless [[ceremonial]]. Everything he did from the time of [[awakening]] in the morning to the [[moment]] he fell a[[sleep]] in his [[cave]] at night had to be done just so—in [[accordance]] with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore folkways] of the [[tribe]]. He was a [[slave]] to the [[tyranny]] of usage; his life contained nothing [[free]], [[spontaneous]], or [[original]]. There was no [[natural]] [[progress]] toward a higher [[mental]], [[moral]], or [[social]] [[existence]].

68:4.5 Early man was mightily gripped by [[custom]]; the [[Primitive|savage]] was a veritable [[slave]] to usage; but there have arisen ever and anon those variations from [[type]] who have dared to [[inaugurate]] new ways of [[thinking]] and improved [[methods]] of living. Nevertheless, the [[inertia]] of [[primitive]] man [[constitutes]] the [[biologic]] safety brake against [[precipitation]] too suddenly into the ruinous maladjustment of a too rapidly advancing [[civilization]].

68:4.5 Early man was mightily gripped by [[custom]]; the [[Primitive|savage]] was a veritable [[slave]] to usage; but there have arisen ever and anon those variations from [[type]] who have dared to [[inaugurate]] new ways of [[thinking]] and improved [[methods]] of living. Nevertheless, the [[inertia]] of [[primitive]] man [[constitutes]] the [[biologic]] safety brake against [[precipitation]] too suddenly into the ruinous maladjustment of a too rapidly advancing [[civilization]].

68:4.6 But these [[customs]] are not an unmitigated [[evil]]; their [[evolution]] should continue. It is nearly [[fatal]] to the continuance of [[civilization]] to undertake their wholesale [[modification]] by [[radical]] [[revolution]]. [[Custom]] has been the thread of [[continuity]] which has held [[civilization]] [[together]]. The path of [[human]] [[history]] is strewn with the remnants of discarded [[customs]] and obsolete [[social]] [[practices]]; but no [[civilization]] has [[endured]] which abandoned its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] except for the adoption of better and more fit [[customs]].

68:4.6 But these [[customs]] are not an unmitigated [[evil]]; their [[evolution]] should continue. It is nearly [[fatal]] to the continuance of [[civilization]] to undertake their wholesale [[modification]] by [[radical]] [[revolution]]. [[Custom]] has been the thread of [[continuity]] which has held [[civilization]] [[together]]. The path of [[human]] [[history]] is strewn with the remnants of discarded [[customs]] and obsolete [[social]] [[practices]]; but no [[civilization]] has [[endured]] which abandoned its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores] except for the adoption of better and more fit [[customs]].

68:4.7 The [[survival]] of a [[society]] depends chiefly on the [[progressive]] [[evolution]] of its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]. The [[process]] of [[custom]] [[evolution]] grows out of the [[desire]] for [[experimentation]]; new [[ideas]] are put forward—[[competition]] ensues. A [[progressing]] [[civilization]] [[embraces]] the progressive [[idea]] and [[endures]]; time and circumstance finally select the fitter [[group]] for [[survival]]. But this does not mean that each separate and isolated [[change]] in the [[composition]] of [[human]] [[society]] has been for the better. No! indeed no! for there have been many, many [[retrogression]]s in the long forward [[struggle]] of [[Urantia]] [[civilization]].

68:4.7 The [[survival]] of a [[society]] depends chiefly on the [[progressive]] [[evolution]] of its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores mores]. The [[process]] of [[custom]] [[evolution]] grows out of the [[desire]] for [[experimentation]]; new [[ideas]] are put forward—[[competition]] ensues. A [[progressing]] [[civilization]] [[embraces]] the progressive [[idea]] and [[endures]]; time and circumstance finally select the fitter [[group]] for [[survival]]. But this does not mean that each separate and isolated [[change]] in the [[composition]] of [[human]] [[society]] has been for the better. No! indeed no! for there have been many, many [[retrogression]]s in the long forward [[struggle]] of [[Urantia]] [[civilization]].

==68:5. LAND TECHNIQUES—MAINTENANCE ARTS==

==68:5. LAND TECHNIQUES—MAINTENANCE ARTS==

68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:5.1 [[Land]] is the [[stage]] of [[society]]; [[men]] are the [[actors]]. And man must ever [[adjust]] his [[performances]] to [[conform]] to the [[land]] situation. The [[evolution]] of the [[mores]] is always dependent on the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]]. This is true notwithstanding the [[difficulty]] of its [[discernment]]. Man's [[land]] [[technique]], or [[maintenance]] arts, plus his [[standards]] of living, [[equal]] the sum total of the folkways, the [[mores]]. And the sum of man's [[adjustment]] to the life demands [[equals]] his [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:

68:5.2 The earliest [[human]] [[cultures]] arose along the [[rivers]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere], and there were four great steps in the forward march of [[civilization]]. They were:

*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].

*1. 68:5.3 ''The collection stage''. [[Food]] [[coercion]], [[hunger]], led to the first [[form]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industrial] [[organization]], the [[primitive]] food-gathering lines. Sometimes such a line of [[hunger]] march would be ten miles long as it passed over the [[land]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning gleaning] [[food]]. This was the [[primitive]] [[nomadic]] [[stage]] of [[culture]] and is the mode of life now followed by the African [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen Bushmen].

*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].

*2. 68:5.4 ''The hunting stage''. The [[invention]] of weapon [[tools]] enabled man to become a [[hunter]] and thus to gain considerable [[freedom]] from [[food]] [[slavery]]. A thoughtful [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonite] who had severely bruised his fist in a serious combat rediscovered the [[idea]] of using a long stick for his arm and a piece of hard [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint flint], bound on the end with sinews, for his fist. Many [[tribes]] made [[independent]] [[discoveries]] of this sort, and these various [[forms]] of hammers [[represented]] one of the great forward steps in [[human]] [[civilization]]. Today some Australian [[natives]] have progressed little beyond this [[stage]].

68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].

68:5.5 The blue men became expert [[hunters]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping trappers]; by fencing the [[rivers]] they caught fish in great [[numbers]], drying the surplus for [[winter]] use. Many [[forms]] of ingenious snares and traps were employed in catching game, but the more [[primitive]] races did not hunt the larger [[animals]].

*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.

*3. 68:5.6 3. ''The pastoral stage''. This phase of [[civilization]] was made possible by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[animals]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arabs] and the [[natives]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] are among the more recent pastoral peoples.

68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].

68:5.7 Pastoral living afforded further relief from [[food]] [[slavery]]; man learned to live on the interest of his capital, the increase in his flocks; and this provided more [[leisure]] for [[culture]] and [[progress]].

68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].

68:5.8 Prepastoral [[society]] was one of [[sex]] [[co-operation]], but the spread of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry animal husbandry] reduced [[women]] to the depths of [[social]] [[slavery]]. In earlier times it was man's [[duty]] to secure the [[animal]] [[food]], woman's business to provide the [[vegetable]] edibles. Therefore, when man entered the pastoral era of his [[existence]], woman's [[dignity]] fell greatly. She must still toil to produce the [[vegetable]] [[necessities]] of life, whereas the man need only go to his herds to provide an [[abundance]] of [[animal]] [[food]]. Man thus became [[relatively]] [[independent]] of woman; throughout the entire pastoral age [[woman]]'s [[status]] steadily declined. By the close of this era she had become scarcely more than a [[human]] [[animal]], consigned to [[work]] and to bear [[human]] [[offspring]], much as the [[animals]] of the herd were expected to [[labor]] and bring forth young. The men of the pastoral ages had great [[love]] for their [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle cattle]; all the more [[pity]] they could not have [[developed]] a deeper [[affection]] for their [[wives]].

    

    

*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[plants]], and it [[represents]] the highest type of [[material]] [[civilization]]. Both [[Caligastia]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adam] endeavored to teach [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticulture] and [[agriculture]]. [[Adam and Eve]] were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced [[culture]] in those days. The growing of [[plants]] exerts an ennobling [[influence]] on all [[races]] of [[mankind]].

*4. 68:5.9 4. ''The agricultural stage''. This era was brought about by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication domestication] of [[plants]], and it [[represents]] the highest type of [[material]] [[civilization]]. Both [[Caligastia]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adam] endeavored to teach [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture horticulture] and [[agriculture]]. [[Adam and Eve]] were gardeners, not shepherds, and gardening was an advanced [[culture]] in those days. The growing of [[plants]] exerts an ennobling [[influence]] on all [[races]] of [[mankind]].

68:5.10 [[Agriculture]] more than quadrupled the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, [[men]] [[hunt]] and [[women]] till the [[soil]].

68:5.10 [[Agriculture]] more than quadrupled the [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] of the world. It may be combined with the pastoral pursuits of the former cultural stage. When the three stages overlap, [[men]] [[hunt]] and [[women]] till the [[soil]].

68:5.12 [[Human]] [[society]] has evolved from the [[hunting]] [[stage]] through that of the herders to the territorial stage of [[agriculture]]. And each stage of this [[progressive]] [[civilization]] was accompanied by less and less of [[nomadism]]; more and more man began to live at [[home]].

68:5.12 [[Human]] [[society]] has evolved from the [[hunting]] [[stage]] through that of the herders to the territorial stage of [[agriculture]]. And each stage of this [[progressive]] [[civilization]] was accompanied by less and less of [[nomadism]]; more and more man began to live at [[home]].

68:5.13 And now is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] supplementing [[agriculture]], with consequently increased [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization urbanization] and multiplication of nonagricultural [[groups]] of [[citizenship]] classes. But an industrial era cannot [[hope]] to [[survive]] if its [[leaders]] fail to [[recognize]] that even the highest [[social]] [[developments]] must ever rest upon a sound [[agricultural]] basis.

68:5.13 And now is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry] supplementing [[agriculture]], with consequently increased [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization urbanization] and multiplication of nonagricultural [[groups]] of [[citizenship]] classes. But an industrial era cannot [[hope]] to [[survive]] if its [[leaders]] fail to [[recognize]] that even the highest [[social]] [[developments]] must ever rest upon a sound [[agricultural]] basis.

==68:6. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE==

==68:6. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE==

68:6.1 [[Man]] is a [[creature]] of the [[soil]], a child of [[nature]]; no matter how [[earnestly]] he may try to [[escape]] from the [[land]], in the last reckoning he is certain to fail. "Dust you are and to dust shall you return"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/] is [[literally]] true of all [[mankind]]. The basic [[struggle]] of man was, and is, and ever shall be, for [[land]]. The first [[social]] [[associations]] of [[primitive]] [[human being]]s were for the [[purpose]] of winning these [[land]] struggles. The [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] underlies all [[social]] [[civilization]].

68:6.1 [[Man]] is a [[creature]] of the [[soil]], a child of [[nature]]; no matter how [[earnestly]] he may try to [[escape]] from the [[land]], in the last reckoning he is certain to fail. "Dust you are and to dust shall you return"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/] is [[literally]] true of all [[mankind]]. The basic [[struggle]] of man was, and is, and ever shall be, for [[land]]. The first [[social]] [[associations]] of [[primitive]] [[human being]]s were for the [[purpose]] of winning these [[land]] struggles. The [[land]]-[[man]] [[ratio]] underlies all [[social]] [[civilization]].

68:6.2 Man's [[intelligence]], by means of [[the arts]] and [[sciences]], increased the [[land]] yield; at the same time the [[natural]] increase in [[offspring]] was somewhat brought under [[control]], and thus was provided the sustenance and [[leisure]] to build a [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:6.2 Man's [[intelligence]], by means of [[the arts]] and [[sciences]], increased the [[land]] yield; at the same time the [[natural]] increase in [[offspring]] was somewhat brought under [[control]], and thus was provided the sustenance and [[leisure]] to build a [[cultural]] [[civilization]].

68:6.4 When the [[land]] yield is reduced or the [[population]] is increased, the [[inevitable]] [[struggle]] is renewed; the very worst traits of [[human]] [[nature]] are brought to the [[surface]]. The improvement of the [[land]] yield, the extension of the [[mechanical]] arts, and the reduction of [[population]] all tend to foster the [[development]] of the better side of [[human]] [[nature]].

68:6.4 When the [[land]] yield is reduced or the [[population]] is increased, the [[inevitable]] [[struggle]] is renewed; the very worst traits of [[human]] [[nature]] are brought to the [[surface]]. The improvement of the [[land]] yield, the extension of the [[mechanical]] arts, and the reduction of [[population]] all tend to foster the [[development]] of the better side of [[human]] [[nature]].

68:6.5 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier Frontier] [[society]] [[develops]] the unskilled side of [[humanity]]; the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts fine art]s and true [[scientific]] [[progress]], [[together]] with [[spiritual]] [[culture]], have all thrived best in the larger [[centers]] of life when [[supported]] by an [[agricultural]] and industrial [[population]] slightly under the land-man ratio. [[Cities]] always multiply the [[power]] of their [[inhabitants]] for either [[good]] or [[evil]].

68:6.5 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier Frontier] [[society]] [[develops]] the unskilled side of [[humanity]]; the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts fine art]s and true [[scientific]] [[progress]], [[together]] with [[spiritual]] [[culture]], have all thrived best in the larger [[centers]] of life when [[supported]] by an [[agricultural]] and industrial [[population]] slightly under the land-man ratio. [[Cities]] always multiply the [[power]] of their [[inhabitants]] for either [[good]] or [[evil]].

68:6.6 The size of the [[family]] has always been [[influenced]] by the [[standards]] of living. The higher the standard the smaller the [[family]], up to the point of [[established]] [[status]] or [[gradual]] [[extinction]].

68:6.6 The size of the [[family]] has always been [[influenced]] by the [[standards]] of living. The higher the standard the smaller the [[family]], up to the point of [[established]] [[status]] or [[gradual]] [[extinction]].

68:6.7 All down through the ages the standards of living have [[determined]] the [[quality]] of a [[surviving]] [[population]] in [[contrast]] with mere [[quantity]]. Local class standards of living give [[origin]] to new [[social]] [[castes]], new [[mores]]. When standards of living become too [[complicated]] or too highly [[luxurious]], they speedily become [[suicidal]]. [[Caste]] is the direct result of the high [[social]] [[pressure]] of keen [[competition]] produced by dense [[populations]].

68:6.7 All down through the ages the standards of living have [[determined]] the [[quality]] of a [[surviving]] [[population]] in [[contrast]] with mere [[quantity]]. Local class standards of living give [[origin]] to new [[social]] [[castes]], new [[mores]]. When standards of living become too [[complicated]] or too highly [[luxurious]], they speedily become [[suicidal]]. [[Caste]] is the direct result of the high [[social]] [[pressure]] of keen [[competition]] produced by dense [[populations]].

68:6.8 The early races often resorted to [[practices]] designed to restrict [[population]]; all [[primitive]] [[tribes]] killed deformed and sickly [[children]]. Girl babies were frequently killed before the times of [[wife]] purchase. [[Children]] were sometimes strangled at [[birth]], but the favorite [[method]] was exposure. The [[father]] of twins usually insisted that one be killed since multiple [[births]] were believed to be caused either by [[magic]] or by infidelity. As a rule, however, twins of the same [[sex]] were spared. While these [[taboos]] on twins were once well-nigh [[universal]], they were never a part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Andonite] [[mores]]; these peoples always regarded twins as omens of [[good]] [[luck]].

68:6.8 The early races often resorted to [[practices]] designed to restrict [[population]]; all [[primitive]] [[tribes]] killed deformed and sickly [[children]]. Girl babies were frequently killed before the times of [[wife]] purchase. [[Children]] were sometimes strangled at [[birth]], but the favorite [[method]] was exposure. The [[father]] of twins usually insisted that one be killed since multiple [[births]] were believed to be caused either by [[magic]] or by infidelity. As a rule, however, twins of the same [[sex]] were spared. While these [[taboos]] on twins were once well-nigh [[universal]], they were never a part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Andonite] [[mores]]; these peoples always regarded twins as omens of [[good]] [[luck]].

68:6.9 Many [[races]] learned the [[technique]] of [[abortion]], and this [[practice]] became very common after the [[establishment]] of the [[taboo]] on childbirth among the unmarried. It was long the [[custom]] for a maiden to kill her offspring, but among more civilized [[groups]] these illegitimate [[children]] became the wards of the girl's [[mother]]. Many [[primitive]] [[clans]] were [[virtually]] [[exterminated]] by the [[practice]] of both [[abortion]] and infanticide. But regardless of the dictates of the [[mores]], very few [[children]] were ever destroyed after having once been suckled—[[maternal]] [[affection]] is too strong.

68:6.9 Many [[races]] learned the [[technique]] of [[abortion]], and this [[practice]] became very common after the [[establishment]] of the [[taboo]] on childbirth among the unmarried. It was long the [[custom]] for a maiden to kill her offspring, but among more civilized [[groups]] these illegitimate [[children]] became the wards of the girl's [[mother]]. Many [[primitive]] [[clans]] were [[virtually]] [[exterminated]] by the [[practice]] of both [[abortion]] and infanticide. But regardless of the dictates of the [[mores]], very few [[children]] were ever destroyed after having once been suckled—[[maternal]] [[affection]] is too strong.

68:6.10 Even in the twentieth century there persist remnants of these [[primitive]] [[population]] [[controls]]. There is a [[tribe]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia] whose [[mothers]] refuse to rear more than two or three [[children]]. Not long since, one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism cannibalistic] [[tribe]] ate every fifth child born. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar Madagascar] some [[tribes]] still destroy all [[children]] born on certain unlucky days, resulting in the [[death]] of about twenty-five per cent of all babies.

68:6.10 Even in the twentieth century there persist remnants of these [[primitive]] [[population]] [[controls]]. There is a [[tribe]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia] whose [[mothers]] refuse to rear more than two or three [[children]]. Not long since, one [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism cannibalistic] [[tribe]] ate every fifth child born. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar Madagascar] some [[tribes]] still destroy all [[children]] born on certain unlucky days, resulting in the [[death]] of about twenty-five per cent of all babies.

68:6.11 From a world [[standpoint]], overpopulation has never been a serious [[problem]] in the past, but if [[war]] is lessened and [[science]] increasingly [[controls]] [[human]] [[diseases]], it may become a serious [[problem]] in the near [[future]]. At such a time the great test of the [[wisdom]] of world [[leadership]] will present itself. Will [[Urantia]] rulers have the [[insight]] and [[courage]] to foster the multiplication of the [[average]] or [[stabilized]] [[human being]] instead of the extremes of the supernormal and the enormously increasing groups of the subnormal? The [[normal]] man should be fostered; he is the backbone of [[civilization]] and the [[source]] of the [[mutant]] [[geniuses]] of the [[race]]. The subnormal man should be kept under [[society]]'s [[control]]; no more should be produced than are required to [[administer]] the lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry], those tasks requiring [[intelligence]] above the [[animal]] level but making such low-grade demands as to [[prove]] veritable [[slavery]] and bondage for the higher types of [[mankind]].

68:6.11 From a world [[standpoint]], overpopulation has never been a serious [[problem]] in the past, but if [[war]] is lessened and [[science]] increasingly [[controls]] [[human]] [[diseases]], it may become a serious [[problem]] in the near [[future]]. At such a time the great test of the [[wisdom]] of world [[leadership]] will present itself. Will [[Urantia]] rulers have the [[insight]] and [[courage]] to foster the multiplication of the [[average]] or [[stabilized]] [[human being]] instead of the extremes of the supernormal and the enormously increasing groups of the subnormal? The [[normal]] man should be fostered; he is the backbone of [[civilization]] and the [[source]] of the [[mutant]] [[geniuses]] of the [[race]]. The subnormal man should be kept under [[society]]'s [[control]]; no more should be produced than are required to [[administer]] the lower levels of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry industry], those tasks requiring [[intelligence]] above the [[animal]] level but making such low-grade demands as to [[prove]] veritable [[slavery]] and bondage for the higher types of [[mankind]].

68:6.12 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] sometime stationed on [[Urantia]].

68:6.12 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] sometime stationed on [[Urantia]].